Divergent process

Nowadays, CFD research at academia is heavily engaged in attempts to include microscale transport phenomena and microscale processes in the dedicated codes under development with a view to reproduce such divergent processes as... 

Stroke is a debihtating disease with an enormous societal cost ( 53.6 billion/year in the US), and is therefore a very active area of research. Stroke research has many inherent obstacles, not the least of which is estabhshing good experimental models. Beyond this, stroke researchers are presented with the tremendously difficult task of pinpointing the key molecular events in a disease that is characterized by disruptions in complex and divergent processes. This difficulty of the task is emphasized by the number of failed... 

Anabolic reactions combine small molecules, such as amino acids, to form complex molecules, such as proteins (Figure 8.4). Anabolic reactions require energy, which is generally provided by the break down of ATP to ADP and Pj. Anabolic reactions often involve chemical reductions in which the reducing power is most frequently provided by the electron donor NADPH (see p. 145). Note that catabolism is a convergent process—that is, a wide variety of molecules are transformed into a few common end products. By con trast, anabolism is a divergent process in which a few biosynthetic precursors form a wide variety of polymeric or complex products. 

Yet synthetic planning asks the opposite question—what reactants are necessary to give product C This requires that we think backward from products to reactants. This type of problem solving is a divergent process in that a great many potential reactants are possible and many possibilities must be explored before any one set of reactants is chosen as the solution. 

A similar divergent process exists with 0(3)h electrodynamics with fluctuations associated with the field. It is associated with computing the propagator for a photon loop, as illustrated in Fig. 5. The integral involved is of the form... 

Recently two widely divergent process variations of PSA have been commercialized by Union Carbide Corporation The first of these is called POLYBED PSA, which Is used for hydrogen recovery (17-21) Plants with capacities of up to about 1 2 x 10 NM /day of hydrogen have been built Hydrogen recoveries of 86 percent vs 70-75 percent for other PSA processes have been demonstrated, as well as purities of 99 999 mole percent (20) POLYBED PSA involves the use of five or more beds, with extensive gas Interchanges and pressure equalizations between the beds One process embodiment (17) is shown In Figure 3 ... 

Fundamentally self-assembly is a convergent process in which a number of components assemble into, ideally, a single final, stable structure. Self-assembly is thus very distinct from chemical emergence which is a divergent process in which complexity evolves over time. 

Kim and coworkers observed the formation of micelles in aqueous solutions by synthesizing a amphiphilic linear-dendritic diblock copolymer based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (Figure 5)50,62. In this case, the PEO can be considered as the core upon which the dendrimer was synthesized via a divergent process. In an aqueous phase, the hydrophilic... 

At this point, however, a formal distinction between two very different cases is called for. An increase in complexity took place even during the history of life, but in this case new structures arose by chance mutations, and the increase was a divergent process. In embryonic development, on the contrary, new structures are never formed by chance, and we are dealing with a convergent increase of... 

In short, jS,7-unsaturated diazoketones can lead to at least four divergent processes on which almost complete chemical control may be exerted by judicious manipulation of reaction conditions and the structure of substrate compounds. It is advisable that the reader bear these modes in mind for future problems that include this tremendously versatile functionality. 

When faced with the challenge of writing a monograph on the synthesis of imidazoles and benzimidazoles, one is immediately aware that although there are general methods available for the bicyclic compounds, the contrary is true for imidazoles themselves. Indeed, it is necessary to consider a number of widely divergent processes each time a synthesis is contemplated. For this reason I have divided the synthetic approaches arbitrarily into methods which make specific bonds in the imidazole product, those which transform another heterocycle, and those which start with the preformed imidazole ring. 

A SISO process is a single input-single output process and corresponds to transformation processes or substitution reactions. MISO processes (multiple inputs-single output) comprise convergent processes and SIMO processes (single inputs-multiple output) comprise divergent processes similar to decomposition and synthesis, respectively. MIMO... 

Jiang YS, Jiang T, Huang B, Chen PS, Ouyang J. 2013. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubules divergent processes of repairing in acute or chronic injury Med Hypotheses 81(l) 73-75. 

These divergent processes require very different types of equipment. The most important are summarized in Table 5. A comprehensive treatment is given in [211, pp. 355 ff]. 

Cellulose 11 is the second most widely examined form known also as a "regenerated" cellulose. It can be obtained from native cellulose by two divergent processes ... 

It should be noted that direct substitution can be a divergent process. That is, the snccessively calculated values actually get worse rather than closer to the correct value. Without proof, the following statements apply ... 

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