Vertical distribution profile

Dachs J, Bayona JM, Albaigs J (1997) Spatial distribution, vertical profiles and budget of organochlorine compounds in Western Mediterranean seawater. Marine Chemistry 57(3-4) 313 -324... 

The first stage of the consideration of the effect of aerosol on climate is the modeling of aerosol properties. The models (based on statistically reliable field-measurements data) are to parameterize such characteristics as complex refractive index of particles m = n — ki), their shape and size distribution, vertical profile of aerosol concentrations, as well as variability of these parameters in time and due to humidity. 

J. Dachs, J.M. Bayona, and J. Albaiges, Spatial distribution, vertical profiles and budget of organochlorine compoimds in Western Mediterranean seawater, /. Mar. Chetn. 57 (1997b) 313. K.N. Dimou, T.-L. Su, R.I. Hires, and R. Miskewitz, Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Newark Bay Estuary, /. Hazard. Mater. 136 (2006) 103-110. 

Figure 4. Particulate 2I0Pb distribution in profiles from the Antarctic and the Atlantic (data from Refs. 45 and 55). The near constancy of particulate mPb abundance with depth is difficult to explain by the vertical scavenging model of...

In calculations two periods were considered—the accumulation time (5 years), during which PCB atmospheric concentration was 1 ng/m3 and the clearance interval with air concentration assumed equal to zero. It was considered that pollutant input to soil takes place only due to gas exchange with the atmosphere. The calculations resulted in the profile of pollutant vertical distribution. This profile allows drawing conclusions about the penetration depth variation. 

The distribution of LAS in continental sediments has been studied [55], and the vertical profiles of LAS concentrations with depth in several lake sediments have been established [56,57]. In Swiss lakes, the concentration of LAS increases with depth and this is due to the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants. Amano et al. [56] have, however, observed a decrease in the concentration of LAS with depth, and detected seasonal variations in the profile of LAS in the uppermost surface layer. 

An interesting vertical profile of the metabolite concentrations was observed the compounds showed a tendency to accumulate at the two-phase boundaries of air-freshwater and freshwater-saline water (the halocline). Thus, concentration maxima were observed at depths of 0 and 2 m (see Fig. 6.4.1) [6]. The observed distribution may result from either the physicochemical properties of these compounds (surface activity and hydrophobicity), or their formation at the interface due to increased biological activity. For the parent surfactants a similar but less pronounced vertical distribution pattern was observed (with maxima at 0 and 2 m of 17 and 9 xg L 1, respectively) [5],... 

The horizontal and vertical distributions of trace metals in seawater are determined by their relative rates of supply and removal. In this section, we inspect a variety of concentration profiles and assess the processes responsible for determining their shapes. In the case of the vertical profiles, the trace metals can be classified into one of the following types (1) nutrient, (2) conservative, and (3) scavenged, with some elements exhibiting a mixture of these types. 

The influence of river water inputs on trace metal distributions is illustrated in Figure 11.17c, which shows that the surface-water concentration of dissolved Mn in the Pacific Ocean decreases with increasing distance from the California coast. The vertical profile measured in the coastal zone (Figme 11.17b) exhibits a strong surface enrichment characteristic of scavenged trace elements. A similar vertical gradient is seen in the... 

The release location influences the vertical distribution of the time-averaged concentration and fluctuations. For a bed-level release, vertical profiles of the time-averaged concentration are self-similar and agreed well with gradient diffusion theory [26], In contrast, the vertical profiles for an elevated release have a peak value above the bed and are not self-similar because the distance from the source to the bed introduces a finite length scale [3, 25, 37], Additionally, it is clear that the size and relative velocity of the chemical release affects both the mean and fluctuating concentration [4], The orientation of the release also appears to influence the plume structure. The shape of the profiles of the standard deviation of the concentration fluctuations is different in the study of Crimaldi et al. [29] compared with those of Fackrell and Robins [25] and Bara et al. [26], Crimaldi et al. [29] attributed the difference to the release orientation, which was vertically upward from a flush-mounted orifice at the bed in their study. 

Deshler, T., B. J. Johnson, and W. R. Rozier, Balloonborne Measurements of Pinatubo Aerosol during 1991 and 1992 at 41°N Vertical Profiles, Size Distribution, and Volatility, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1435-1438 (1993). 

In many instances a contaminant is distributed vertically within soil to depths in which soil characteristics vary tremendously (Buol et al., 1989) (Figure 2.5). A vertical section of the soil exposing these layers or horizons is termed a soil profile. 

We measured H202 vertical profiles in Lake Erie (14, 18) and noted the similarity with oceanic profiles (23, 24). The major difference is the depth to which H202 is mixed in oceanic environments. To emphasize the effect of solar radiation and wind speed on the distribution of H202 in the epilimnion, we measured four vertical profiles of H202 concentration and temperature in Jacks Lake on 4 days, September 11-14, 1990, all at 4 00 p.m. 

The surface distribution for mean annual h results from two properties of atmospheric flow conservation of h following the large-scale flow and the maintenance of the vertical profile of h by convective processes. These features of the climate system allow one to quantify the expected errors for assuming that mean annual h is invariant with longitude and altitude for the present-day distribution. Forest et al. (1999) examined the distribution and calculated the expected error from assuming zonal invariance to be 4.5 kJ/kg for the mean annual climate. This error translates to an altitude error of 460 m and is compared with an equivalent error of 540 m from the mean annual temperature approach. Moreover, the uncertainty of the terrestrial lapse rate, y(, increases the expected error in elevation as elevations increase, particularly when small lapse rates are assumed. 

There are also static models to describe the vertical profile of ozone density distribution. One such model is the Kruger formula ... 

The vertical profile of DMS in marine air was first determined by Ferek et al (12), over the tropical Atlantic ocean. They found that under stable meteorological conditions, the mixing depth of DMS was about 1 km, with a rapid decline in concentration above this altitude. This distribution was considered consistent with the chemical lifetime of a few days predicted by... 

Rather meagre and contradictory are data on vertical profiles of the StA distribution in the atmosphere. This problem requires thorough investigation. The following heights have been proposed [28] for the top (Ztop) and bottom (Zbot) levels of smoke clouds urban fires Zbot = 1 km, Ztop = 7 km accidental forest fires Zbot = 1 km, Ztop = 5 km vast post-nuclear fires (a 10% contribution from urban fires) ... 

Fig. 12. Vertical profile of air distribution. Comparison of experimental results for air-wheat with Eq. (37). H only in the case of the 6-in. column data.

Figure 16.18 Distribution, abundance and temporal dynamics of N2 fixing bacteria at Station ALOHA. (A) Vertical profiles of <10 pm (left) and >10 pm (right) nifH phylotypes in December 2002 relative to upper mixed-layer depth (dashed line) and 1 % surface radiance isopleth (dotted line). Error bars are 1SD of triplicate QPCR (45 cycles) reactions. From Church et al. (2005a).

Aluminum is the best illustration of a trace metal with a scavenged-type distribution in the oceans. The major external input of aluminum is from the partial dissolution of atmospheric dust delivered to the surface ocean. Vertical profiles in the Mediterranean, the North Atlantic, and the North Pacific are presented in Figure 4. Extremely elevated concentrations of dissolved aluminum are observed in the Mediterranean Sea (Hydes et al., 1988), a region that receives a high atmospheric input of dust. Concentrations in... 

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