Distillation, distilling

Purification of Rinse Agent Distillation Treatment Distillation Distillation Distillation Distillation... 

Property Analytical Pyrolysis Distilled Distil. Distil. 

Safety goggles should always be worn over the eyes when carrying out potentially dangerous operations, e,g. vacuum distillations, distillation of large volumes of inflammable liquids and experiments employing large quantities of metallic sodium. 

Steam Distillation. Distillation of a Pair of Immiscible Liquids. Steam distillation is a method for the isolation and purification of substances. It is applicable to liquids which are usually regarded as completely immiscible or to liquids which are miscible to only a very limited extent. In the following discussion it will be assumed that the liquids are completely immiscible. The saturated vapours of such completely immiscible liquids follow Dalton s law of partial pressures (1801), which may be stated when two or more gases or vapoms which do not react chemically with one another are mixed at constant temperature each gas exerts the same pressure as if it alone were present and that... 

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION. DISTILLATION WITH A FRACTIONATING COLUMN... 

Ethyl benzyl ketone. Use 204 g. of phenylacetic acid (m.p. 77°) and 333 g. (335 -5 ml.) of propionic acid (b.p. 139-141°), but omit the extraction with benzene when working up the distillate. Distil the dried... 

Distillation. Distillation (qv) is by far the most common separation technique because of its inherent advantages. Its phase separation is clean, its equihbrium is closely approached in each stage, and its multistage countercurrent device is relatively easy to build. 

Distillation. Distillation separates volatile components from a waste stream by taking advantage of differences in vapor pressures or boiling points among volatile fractions and water. There are two general types of distillation, batch or differential distillation and continuous fractional or multistage distillation (see also Distillation). 

Feed Composition. Feed composition has a substantial effect on the economics of a distillation. Distillations tend to become uneconomical as the feed becomes dilute. There are two types of dilute feed cases, one in which the valuable recovered component is a low boiler and the second when it is a high boiler. When the recovered component is the low boiler, the absolute distillate rate is low but the reflux ratio and the number of plates is high. An example is the recovery of methanol from a dilute solution in water. When the valuable recovered component is a high boiler, the distillate rate, the reflux relative to the high boiler, and the number of plates all are high. An example for this case is the recovery of acetic acid from a dilute solution in water. For the general case of dilute feeds, alternative recovery methods are usually more economical than distillation. 

The common methods of purification, discussed below, comprise distillation (including fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, sublimation and steam distillation), crystallisation, extraction, chromatographic and other methods. In some cases, volatile and other impurities can be removed simply by heating. Impurities can also sometimes be eliminated by tbe formation of derivatives from which the purified material is regenerated (see Chapter 2). 

Aromatic hydrocarbon resins. The polymerization procedure and variables in the reactions of the aromatic hydrocarbon resins are similar to those for the coumarone-indene resins. However, the Cg feedstreams used in the polymerization of the aromatic hydrocarbon resins do not contain significant amounts of phenols or pyridine bases, so they are submitted directly to fractional distillation. Distillation produced more byproducts than light coal-tar oils. The aromatic hydrocarbon resins obtained have softening points between liquid and 125°C and Gardner colour of 6 to 11. By changing distillation conditions, aromatic hydrocarbon resins with softening points between 65 and 170°C and Gardner colour of 5 to 10 can also be obtained. 

Brennerei, /. distillery distillation, distilling plant (for burning lime, etc.) kiln burning (of lime, brick, etc.), -betrieb, m. distillery management or operation, -hefe,/. distillery yeast, -maische, /. distillery mash. 

The following three sections of this chapter examine how the vapor pressure varies with composition when both components of a mixture are volatile and how that information can be used to separate them by distillation. Distillation, which we first encountered in Section G, is used to separate the many compounds that make up petroleum and to purify alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol. 

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