Dissipative medium interface

Additional complications arise when the EM wave in a dissipative medium approaches a vacuum interface at an oblique angle [26]. The incident and reflected wave fields then become inhomogeneous (damped) in the direction of propagation. As a consequence the matching at the interface to a conventional undamped electromagnetic wave in vacuo becomes impossible. 

Case 2 of a dissipative medium is now considered where x = 0 defines the vacuum interface in a frame (x,y, z). The orientation of the xy plane is chosen such as to coincide with the plane of wave propagation, and all field quantities are then independent on z as shown in Fig. 3. In the denser medium (region I) with the refractive index = n > 1 and defined by x < 0, an incident (7) EM wave is assumed to give rise to a reflected (r) EM wave. Here is the angle between the normal direction of the vacuum boundary and the wave normals of the incident and reflected waves. Vacuum region (II) is defined by x > 0 and has a refractive index of = 1. The wavenumber [35] and the phase (47) of the weakly damped EM waves then yield... 

The rate of energy dissipation at the solid-liquid interface is also given by this equation. As the particle settles, the equivalent volume of the liquid rises so that the potenti energy of the particle at any height h is equal to (Ps Pl)Vp gh. Since the medium is infinite, the rising superficial hquid velocity is negligible as compared with vs . 

Brinkman s equation represents a variant of the effective medium approximation, which does not describe explicitly the generation of non-laminar liquid motion and conversion of the in-plane surface motion into the normal-to-interface liquid motion. These effects result in additional channels of energy dissipation, which are effectively included in the model by introduction of the Darcy-like resistive force. 

For loss of coolant accident, it has been assumed that coolant is unavailable in the upper plenum, core and lower plenum of the reactor. Due to the absence of a heat removal medium, temperatures of the core will start increasing, leading to heating of all core components. The negative void reactivity coefficient will limit the power and thus, the temperature of the core components. The neutronically limited power would reach 200 kW(th). For this case, a system of 12 variable-conductance heat pipes, made of a carbon-carbon composite with a metallic liner, has been provided. These heat pipes penetrate the core. The condenser end of these heat pipes extends beyond the upper plenum and the interface vessels of heat-utilizing systems to the atmosphere. At the condenser end, these heat pipes have radiator fins to dissipate heat to the atmosphere. In case of a postulated accident due to loss of load or loss of coolant, core temperature will start increasing. As long as the temperature of the core is within... 

For droplets with low viscosity (comparable to that of the medium) the transmission of tangential stress across the 0/W interface from the continuous phase to the dispersed phase causes liquid circulation in the droplets. Energy dissipation is less than that for hard spheres and the relative viscosity is lower than that predicted by the Einstein equation. For an emulsion with viscosity qj for the disperse phase and q for the continuous phase,... 

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