Oblique angle

There is a latter MOKE response at normal incidence for the polar geometry than for oblique angles. 

Now we construct this oblique-angled coordinate system with isotherms. 

Orientation. Certain fittings are designed specifically for either horizontal or vertical mounting others may be installed either horizontally or vertically, or even at oblique angles. 

Figure 3.6 A sawhorse representation and a Newman projection of ethane. The sawhorse representation views the molecule from an oblique angle, while the Newman projection views the molecule end-on. Note that the molecular model of the Newman projection appears at first to have six atoms attached to a single carbon. Actually, the front carbon, with three attached green atoms, is directly in front of the rear carbon, with three attached red atoms.

Conformational isomers are represented in two ways, as shown in Figure 3.6. A sawhorse representation views the carbon-carbon bond from an oblique angle and indicates spatial orientation by showing all C-Tl bonds. A Newman projection views the carbon-carbon bond directly end-on and represents the two carbon atoms by a circle. Bonds attached to the front carbon are represented by lines to the center of the circle, and bonds attached to the rear carbon are represented by lines to the edge of the circle. 

It should be noted that equatorial or diequatorial conformers of substituted cyclohexanes could be accommodated in the thiourea canals by the stacking of guests at an oblique angle or parallel to the canal axis. X-ray structural data is so far unavailable... 

Monoclinic Three axes (denoted as a, b, and c) of unequal length intersect such that a and c lie at an oblique angle, and the b axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by the other two. 

Triclinic Three axes (denoted as a, b, and c) of unequal length intersect at three oblique angles. 

Freely suspended films provide a perfect homeotropic alignment of smectic LCs since the layers always orient parallel to the LC/air interface.33 The director structure in such films can then be determined by analyzing the optical properties of plane-polarized light reflected from the surface of the films at a slightly oblique angle.34 The technique gains additional power when electrodes are added to the setup, allowing observation of the behavior of the films in the presence of an electric field parallel to the plane of the film.35... 

In the sawhorse representation, the molecule is viewed from an oblique angle, and all bonds can be seen. 

Fig. 2. Soft tissue imaging can be accomplished in pre- and postnatal specimens by micro-CT. Top rowdepicts a maximum intensity projection or WIIP view of an El 5 mouse embryo left) and PO mouse pup (right). Bottom rowdepicts a 2D slice view, technically termed a reformat, of the same El 5 (left) and PO (right) from the data set depicted above. The soft tissue features can be seen along with skeletal signal as volumetric or two-dimensional slices of the specimen in all anatomical viewing planes, including oblique angles, if desired.

Measurement of reflectances for incident light of various polarization states and two oblique angles of incidence the results are analyzed with the Fresnel formulas. Large angles are required for high accuracy, and this requires large sample surfaces. 

If a crack runs at an oblique angle 6C to a surface, as illustrated in Fig. 12.2, then there can be interference between the reflection from the crack and the reflection from the surface (Ilett et al. 1984 Kojima 1987). As the lens is scanned from left to right, path A will remain constant, while path C will change by one wavelength when the lens moves a horizontal distance... 

Additional complications arise when the EM wave in a dissipative medium approaches a vacuum interface at an oblique angle [26]. The incident and reflected wave fields then become inhomogeneous (damped) in the direction of propagation. As a consequence the matching at the interface to a conventional undamped electromagnetic wave in vacuo becomes impossible. 

In radiographic investigations the image of an object is distorted if the X-rays strike the photographic plate at an oblique angle. In order to calibrate the distortion a spherical ball is investigated. The image is an ellipse with centre (p j 2) and further parameters P3 p and P5 as described by the equation... 

Method A is examination at 30x magnification with a binocular microscope and an optional camera. Illumination is at an oblique angle of 30° to accentuate the surface detail. The test piece is cut by a razor blade and vulcanized or unvulcanised material can be used. In the latter case, the sample is first compressed to minimize trapped air and the blade is heated. Warning is given that the result may not be the same as when using a vulcanized test piece. The result is compared to a set of standard photographs that are given in the standard. 

Unequal axes, an intersecting ai oblique angles. Axial identification is a. ft c. mteraxial angles Identified as alpha, beta and gamma. 

Other common methods for representing the three-dimensional structures of molecules include Newman projections for showing conformational relationships and sawhorse figures. Newman projections look down a carbon-carbon bond so that the front carbon, designated by a circle, obscures the carbon directly behind it. Valences (bonds) to the front carbon extend to the center of the circle, while bonds to the rear carbon stop at the circle. Sawhorse projections have the carbon-carbon bond at oblique angles, which attempts to represent a perspective drawing of the molecule. Thus for 2-chloro butane, if one chooses to examine the 2,3 bond, then the sawhorse and Newman projections would be... 

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