Dispersal mammal

Biotic Transport Biotic transport can be defined as the actions of plants and animals that result in the transport of a radioactive material or other substance from a waste site to locations where it can enter pathways that may result in exposure to humans. Small mammals are ubiquitous and inhabit areas containing radioactive contamination or radioactive waste sites. Mammals inhabiting these areas may become contaminated with americium by consuming contaminated soil or plants and disturb americium-contaminated soil through their burrowing and excavating activities. These animals may therefore affect the distribution of americium within the waste site or transport americium to previously uncontaminated areas. In addition, small mammals may be consumed by animals higher in the food chain such as hawks and coyotes, which would add to the dispersal of americium from disposal areas. However, results of... 

The other major class of extracellular LBPs of mammals is the lipocalins (Flower, 1996). These are approximately 20 kDa, P-sheet-rich proteins, performing functions such as the transport of retinol in plasma or milk, the capture of odorants in olfaction, invertebrate coloration, dispersal of pheromones, and solubilizing the lipids in tears (Flower, 1996). The retinol-binding protein (RBP) of human plasma is found in association with a larger protein, transthyretin, the complex being larger than the kidney threshold and thus not excreted, although the RBP itself may dissociate from the complex to interact with cell surface receptors in the delivery of retinol (Papiz et al., 1986 Sundaram et al., 1998). 

Smale, L., Nunes, S. and Holekamp, K.E. (1997) Sexually dimorphic dispersal in mammals patterns, causes and consequences. Adv. Stud. Behav. 26, 180-250. 

Pusey, A.E. (1987) Sex-biased dispersal and inbreeding avoidance in birds and mammals. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2, 295-299. 

We have already seen how milk is an emulsion comprising oil as a dispersion medium in a water-based dispersion medium. Milk fats also form colloids. The aqueous component of milk contains many vitamins, especially the salts of calcium, which baby mammals need to produce strong teeth and bones. 

Small mammals often smell like the fungi they eat. They probably benefit the fungi by dispersing their spores. A strong coevolution between the fungi and these mammalian fungivores has been suggested (Maser etal, 1978). 

Unripe fruits of many plants contain compounds such as quinines that impart an aversive taste and discourage fruit eaters from consuming them before they are ripe and their seeds are mature and ready for dispersal. Unripe fruit of some Rhamnus species contain emodin, an anthraquinone that deters birds and mammals from feeding. Anthraquinone reduced red-winged blackbird feeding on rice by 84%, and 71% in boat-tailed grackles (Avery etal, 1997). 

Oxytetracycline has a long history in human and veterinary medicine for the treatment and control of a wide variety of bacterial infections, and for its growth-promoting properties. It may be administered by any of the normal routes. It is readily absorbed from the intestine by most mammals but intestinal absorption in poultry is restricted. Oxytetracycline is most useful in that it readily disperses throughout the body, attaining therapeutic levels in most tissues and fluids within a short time. 

The OPs were found to be non-persistent because they are biodegradable. Generally it was found that when OPs were used carefully animals other than insects were less affected by OPs than by DDT. This was because, provided the particular insect pest could be targeted, other organisms would not be affected as residues were quickly degraded or were sufficiently volatile to disperse. However, as a group OPs have still been responsible for the deaths of many birds, mammals (including... 

A third form of symbiosis, in addition to mutualism and parasitism, is commensalism (Latin com = with mensa = table). In commensal relationships, one symbiotic partner benefits from the association and the other is unaffected. Different variants of snch relationships have been described. Inquilinism is a kind of commensalism where the symbiont uses a host for housing, snch as birds hving in the holes of trees. A more indirect dependency exists if a symbiont uses something its host has created before its death. This commensalism is termed metabiosis. A typical metabiont is the hermit crab that uses gastropod shells. In phoresy, the symbiont uses the host for transportation. An example for phoresy is the burdock, a plant with fruits that adhere to fur and are dispersed by the movement of mammals. 

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