Disorders terrors

Non-REM parasomnias have variable prevalence rates depending on patient age and different diagnoses. Sleep talking, brux-ism, sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and enuresis occur more frequently in childhood than in adulthood. Nightmares appear to occur with similar frequency in adults and children. REM behavior disorder (RBD), an REM-sleep parasomnia, has a reported prevalence of 0.5% and frequently is associated with concomitant neurologic conditions.16 Chronic RBD is more common in elderly men and may have a familial disposition. 

Pavor nocturnus (night terrors) is a further arousal disorder mainly of childhood emanating from SWS. Like somnambulism it usually remits in puberty... 

Panic disorder is characterized by the repeated and often unpredictable occurrence of panic attacks. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, panic attacks have an abrupt onset, reach their peak in 10 minutes, and are accompanied by at least 4 of 13 listed symptoms, which include shortness of breath, increased heart rate, chest pain, dizziness, choking sensations, numbness or tingling, hot/cold flashes, sweating, trembling, and nausea. Victims of these episodes feel an intense fear that can be better characterized as terror, often of losing control of their body and/or... 

Sleep terrors are a type of sleep disorder known as a parasomnia (abnormal physical behavior during sleep) that... 

What effect does trauma have on dreams There are two paradoxically contradictory answers to this question enormous impact and very little. We don t understand why, in some cases, the trauma is almost always dominant and, in others, it has such a small role to play in the shaping of dreams. One answer may be that victims of trauma, e.g. post-traumatic stress disorder patients who have had violent experiences in war, have a specific kind of awakening experience. Their sleep is interrupted by terrors akin to the night terrors of children, and, like in the night terrors of children, these do not occur in REM sleep when normal dreaming takes place. Instead, they occur in NREM sleep, the phase of sleep in which the brain is less completely activated, but in which powerful emotions can nevertheless make themselves felt. 

Q12 Yes, anxiety could develop into a phobic state. A phobic state is defined as anxiety/fear triggered by a single stimulus or set of stimuli that would not normally be of concern. A panic disorder involves sudden and unpredictable episodes of acute anxiety, with feelings of fear and terror, usually accompanied by severe physical symptoms. The tendency to panic disorder may be genetically transmitted. A change in levels of lactic acid or carbon dioxide in the blood may play a part in this disorder. 

According to Austin and Godleski (1999), the most psychologically vulnerable people are those with a prior history of psychiatric disturbances. Although previous psychiatric history does not significantly raise the risk of PTSD, exacerbations of preexisting chronic mental disorders, such as bipolar and depressive disorders, are often increased in the aftermath of a disaster. Those with a chronic mental illness are particularly susceptible to the effects of severe stress, as they may be marginally stable and may lack adequate social support to buffer the effects of the terror, bereavement, or dislocation. 

Go to the National Centers for Post Ttaumatic Stress Disorder Web site at http //ncptsd.org/facts/ disasters/fs children disaster.html. Click on Terrorism and Children. ... 

In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (15), a characteristic set of symptoms develops following exposure to an event that induces extreme fear or terror (e.g., war, rape). These symptoms include a persistent and intrusive reexperiencing of the event through flashbacks or nightmares, and an intense distress at exposure to cues that are reminiscent of the event. The sufferer deliberately avoids such stimuli and may become detached, withdrawn, and emotionally numb. Additional symptoms include insomnia, impaired concentration, and unprovoked anger. Prevalence... 

Yamasue, H., Kasai, K., Iwanami, A., Ohtani, T., Yamada, H., Abe, O., Kuroki, N., Fukuda, R., Tochigi, M., Furukawa, S., Sadamatsu, M., Sasaki, T., Aoki, S., Ohtomo, K., Asukai, N. and Kato, N. 2003. Voxel-based analysis of MRl reveals anterior cingulate gray-matter volume reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder due to terrorism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Set U.S.A., 100 9039-9043. 

Nightmare disorder Sleep terror disorder Sleepwalking disorder Parasomnia not otherwise specified Sleep disorders related to another mental disorder Insomnia related to another mental disorder Hypersomnia related to another mental disorder Other sleep disorders... 

Parasomnias are adverse events that either occur during sleep or are exaggerated by sleep. Many of these disorders are considered to be disorders of partial arousal from various sleep stages. Examples of parasomnias are sleepwalking disorder, sleep terror disorder, and nightmare disorder. 

Panic disorders, with or without agoraphobia, affect 1.6% of the adult population (>3,000,000 people) in the United States at some time in their lives. In panic disorder, brief episodes of fear are accompanied by multiple physical symptoms, such as terror, fear of dying, heart palpitations, difficulty in breathing, and dizziness. Panic attacks recur and the victim develops an intense fear of having another attack, which is termed anticipatory anxiety. In addition, the victim may develop irrational fears, called phobias, that relate to situations in which a panic attack has occurred. This condition may coexist with other phobias (agoraphobia, simple phobia, social phobia), depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol and drug abuse, suicidal tendencies and irritable bowel syndrome. 

Since the Civil War, soldiers have returned home with syndromes similar to GWS (Hyams et al. 1996). Civil War veterans complained of irritable heart from nostalgia, World War I veterans endured soldier s heart, World War II and Korean War veterans experienced effort syndrome and battle fatigue, and Vietnam War veterans developed posttraumatic stress disorder and Agent Orange syndrome (Hyams et al. 1996). The surprise and terror ex-... 

Studies clearly support that the neurochemical-based treatments for depression such as antidepressant medications and ECT are effective in lifting depressed moods. Controlled studies using neurochemically based treatments specifically for the treatment of major depression indicated that 78% of the depressed individuals improved with ECT, and 70% with the newer antidepressants medications (Maxmen Ward, 1995). In practice, it is estimated that 50% of individuals who take antidepressant medicines report feeling better or achieve complete remission. In addition, antidepressant medications can be used to treat related conditions such as obsessive compulsive disorder and overwhelming anxiety (Brophy, 1991). Antidepressants are often used to treat excessive anxiety since they can block the symptoms of panic including rapid heartbeat, terror, dizziness, chest pains, nausea, and breathing problems. 

Since its introduction as a formal diagnosis in 1980, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to have a lifetime prevalence of about 8% in the USA, with a much higher prevalence in countries affected by civil war, genocide, forced migration, and terrorism. Furthermore, evidence continues to accumulate indicating that, in addition to its public health significance as a prevalent psychiatric disorder, PTSD is a risk factor for many medical illnesses. 

Some writers described bizarre neurological disorders, which gave rise to the term Dance of Death, followed by anxiety and terror, resignation, blackening of the skin, and death. The sick gave off a terrible stench Their sweat, excrement, spittle, breath, [were] so foetid as to be overpowering [ in addition, their urine was] turbid, thick, black, or red. 6 70 ... 

Long-Term Effects of Terrorism (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)... 

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