Spatial disorder

A number of models addressed the impact of disorder on the force networks. Disorder in frictional granular materials has two different origins, one source of randomness, which can be seen in Figures 7.3 and 7.5, is rooted in the disordered spatial structure of grain packings. This effect can be determined... 

The success of quinine inspired the search for other antimalarials. The greatest impetus for the development of synthetic dmgs came this century when the two World Wars intermpted the supply of cinchona bark to the combatants. A stmcturally related 4-quinolinemethanol is mefloquine (65, Lariam [51773-92-3]) which now serves as an effective alternative agent for chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum. This is a potent substance that requires less than one-tenth the dose of quinine to effect cures. There are some untoward side effects associated with this dmg such as gastrointestinal upset and dizziness, but they tend to be transient. Mefloquine is not recommended for use by those using beta-blockers, those whose job requires fine coordination and spatial discrimination, or those with a history of epilepsy or psychiatric disorders. A combination of mefloquine with Fansidar (a mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine) is known as Fansimef but its use is not recommended. Resistance to mefloquine has been reported even though the compound has not been in wide use. 

Inspection of Fig. 14(a) reveals that Ap > 0 in the corner while Ap < 0 at the tip. The positive deviation indicates that the two walls forming the wedge squeeze the hard spheres into the corner this effect is more pronounced for smaller values of 7. Around a tip, on the other hand, the hard spheres are spatially less constrained so that the fluid is more disordered, as in the corresponding planar case, so that Ap < 0. 

R. Baumann, K. Kassner, C. Misbah, D. E. Temkin. Spatial subharmonics, irrational patterns, and disorder in eutectic growth. Phys Rev Lett 74 1597, 1995. 

Here is the p-th spatial component of the electronic current operator j and. .. )conf. denotes the atomic configuration average for a disordered alloy. 

Experimental information for polymeric LED is sparse. A key problem for conventional lime-of-flighl studies is that the condition of generating a sheet of carriers whose spatial extension is small compared to the thickness of a = 100 nm film is difficult to meet. On the other hand, thick films fabricated, for instance, by solvent casting rather than by spin coating, may differ regarding their morphology and, concomitantly, the built-in-disorder. On the fundamental side, transport in... 

Spatial accommodation of the guest evidently allows disordering of the guest molecule, another characteristic feature of true clathrates. This structure may serve as a general model for other possible inclusion compounds of 1 with apolar guests and also, in lack of the structure of the free host 1 (cf. Sect. 4.1), it may help to imagine a probable steric arrangement for that case... 

Disordered carbons usually exhibit a multiscale organization (structure, microtexture, texture)4. Structurally, they are made of more or less distorted polyaromatic layers, nanometric in size. The spatial association or the layers, from the nanometric to the micrometric scales, gives rise to different microtextures (lamellar, porous, concentric, fibrous, etc.) forming the carbons skeleton4. The multiscale organization is the fingerprint of the kind of precursor and of the formation conditions (temperature, pressure, strains, time, etc.) met either in laboratory experiments or in Nature, and is directly related with numerous properties. 

Kirillov, S. A., Spatial disorder and low-frequency Raman pattern of amorphous solid, with special reference to quasi-elastic scattering and its relation to Boson peak, J. Mol. Struct. 479, 279-284 (1999). 

An A-B diblock copolymer is a polymer consisting of a sequence of A-type monomers chemically joined to a sequence of B-type monomers. Even a small amount of incompatibility (difference in interactions) between monomers A and monomers B can induce phase transitions. However, A-homopolymer and B-homopolymer are chemically joined in a diblock therefore a system of diblocks cannot undergo a macroscopic phase separation. Instead a number of order-disorder phase transitions take place in the system between the isotropic phase and spatially ordered phases in which A-rich and B-rich domains, of the size of a diblock copolymer, are periodically arranged in lamellar, hexagonal, body-centered cubic (bcc), and the double gyroid structures. The covalent bond joining the blocks rests at the interface between A-rich and B-rich domains. 

When the nature of the disorder is spatially invariant EXAFS is a viable technique. Under these circumstances, however, unless the specimens are exceptionally thin (<20 ), HREM is of little value (13, 14), as two-dimensional projected images are difficult to interpret. When, however, there are residual crystalline regions still intact in a growing glassy matrix, or when, conversely, the embryonic stages of crystallization of a glassy precursor have been reached, HREM is particularly powerful (14, 15). 

We can often think of entropy merely in terms of spatial disorder, like the example of the sugar grains above but the entropy of a substance is properly the extent of energetic disorder. Molecules of hot and cold water in a bath exchange energy in order to maximize the randomness of their energies. 

Baumann J. and Fayes M. D. (1986) Excitation Energy Transfer in Disordered Two-Dimensional and Anisotropic Three-Dimensional Systems Effects of Spatial Geometry on Time-Resolved Observables, J. Chem. Phys. 85, 4087-4107. 

Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH]... 

It is remarkable that this ordering phenomenon appears if we consider the evolution of the process as a movie, looking for regularities in the sequence of pictures. The temporal ordering is compatible with Boltzmann s interpretation of the second law according to which spatial disorder increases with time. In a sense, the temporal ordering is possible at the expense of spatial disorder. 

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