Disease resistance immunity

Both vaccines and toxoids are administered to stimulate the immune response within the body to specific antigens or toxins. These agents must be administered before exposure to the pathogenic organism. The initiation of the immune response, in turn, produces resistance to a specific infectious disease. The immunity produced in this manner is active immunity. Display 54-5 gives examples of indications for use of toxoids and vaccines. 

Empirical therapy should be directed at the most likely pathogen (s) for a specific patient, taking into account age, risk factors for infection (including underlying disease and immune dysfunction, vaccine history, and recent exposures), CSF Gram stain results, CSF antibiotic penetration, and local antimicrobial resistance patterns. 

Shen, Q. FI., Saijo, Y., Mauch, S., Biskup, C., Bieri, S., Keller, B., Seki, FI., Ulker, B., Somssich, I. E. and Schulze-Lefert, P. (2007). Nuclear activity of MLA immune receptors links isolate-specific and basal disease-resistance responses. Science 315, 1098-103. 

Germolec, D.R., Selectivity and predictivity in immunotoxicity testing Immune endpoints and disease resistance, Toxicol. Letters, 149, 109, 2004. 

Weeks et al. 1979). Responses of this sort may be due, in part, to compromised immune functions. Studies in animals, using a battery of in vitro and short-term in vivo studies of immunotoxicity following inhalation and oral exposure, may enhance our overall understanding of the effects of hexachloroethane on disease resistance. 

Kegley EB, Spears JW, Brown TT. 1996. Immune response and disease resistance of calves fed chromium nicotinic acid complex or chromium chloride. J Dairy Sci 79 1278-1283. 

Immunization of plants via priming for expression of latent genetic information encoding disease resistance mechanisms may be... 

Inhibition of penetration and spread within tissues. In cucurbits, classical phytoalexins have not been identified and disease resistance appears due to other mechanisms. Immunization... 

Immunization of cucumbers by (L lagenarium, C. cucumerinum, P. 1achrymans or TNV generates a systemic increase in peroxidase activities (. TJ, ] 9, 8U) > Like 1 i gni f ic a t ion and phytoalexin induction, peroxidase activities also rise more quickly in response to infection in leaves of immunized plants, even though total activity eventually may be highest in infected susceptible leaves (77). Several other stimuli can induce local (mechanical and chemical injury) or systemic (senescence, ethylene) peroxidase increases that are not accompanied by increased disease resistance. Thus, enhanced peroxidase activity per se may not be a defense mechanism, but may be a necessary adjunct with appropriate chemical substrates for processes important in disease resistance, e.g., lignification, suberization, and me 1anization. 

Germolec DR (2004) Sensitivity and predic-tivity in immunotoxicity testing immune endpoints and disease resistance. Toxicol Lett 149 109-114... 

The resistance of plants towards disease may well be related to phytoalexin formation, but whatever be the precise function of these compounds, they can only represent one of the complex of factors which operate in disease resistance and immunity. Any protective substances present in the healthy plant must also be important in this connection. A good example of such a substance is provided by our discovery that healthy seedlings of broad bean (Vlcla faba) contain a potent antifungal chemical to which we have given the name Wyerone. 

There are two key aspects for a well growing plant. One is external factors including environmental conditions and disease resistance methods the other is the integrated immune system of the plant. The plant immune system consists of two interconnected tiers of receptors, one outside and one inside the cell. Both systems perceive the invaders, then inform the whole plant and sometimes the neighboring plants that the intruder is present by an optional signal. The two systems belong to different classes of plant receptor proteins that detect different types of pathogen molecules. ... 

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