Discovery of hydrogen

Ca.ta.lysis by Protons. The discovery of hydrogen peroxide hydroxylation of phenol in the presence of strong acids such as perchloric, trifluoromethane-sulfonic, or sulfuric acids allows suppression of all previous drawbacks of the process (18,19). This mode of hydroxylation gives high yields (85% based on H2O2 at phenol conversion of 5—6%). It can be mn without solvents and does not generate resorcinol. Its main advantage rehes on... 

As remarked in Section 5.1.2, the discovery of hydrogen bonding provoked ongoing controversy between proponents of a partial covalency and advocates of an electrostatic picture of H-bond formation. The former group emphasized the importance of resonance-type chemical forces of quantum-mechanical origin that could be represented as... 

The Discovery of Hydrc en.—The discovery of hydrogen should be attributed to Turquet de Mayeme, who in 1650 obtained, by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on iron, a gas, or inflammable air, , which we now know to have been hydrogen. 

Some 100 years after Cavendish s discovery of hydrogen, and only 3 years after it was realized that hydrogen sorbed from chemical or electrochemical sources causes blistering and embrittlement to steel vessels, Graham [29] observed the ability of palladium to absorb hydrogen and wrote in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ... 

In 1766 Henry Cavendish (1731— 1810) identified the gas from the iron fihngs-plus-acid reaction as fire air and determined that the gas, when burned in air, produced water. He is given credit for the discovery of hydrogen even though the chemical reaction that produced the gas had been known for hundreds of years. In 1783 Antoine Lavoisier (1743—1794) gave the gas its name hydrogen. 

The development of modern spectroscopic techniques (IR, NMR, mass spectroscopy), in addition to facilitating the characterization of deuterium-labeled products, has also helped to establish a demand for these compounds. Mass spectroscopy, for example, played an important role in the history of deuterium, beginning with the discovery of hydrogen isotopes in 1931.172... 

Union Carbide showed the possibility of developing D-size hydrogen-nickel batteries with satisfactory performance. However, safety and cost considerations have restricted the applications of such units and the discovery of hydrogen storage alloys led to the development of the nickel-metal hydride secondary cell which was described in Chapter 6. 

Understanding and first uses of hydrogen The discovery of hydrogen... 

History of the discovery of hydrogen and oxygen the phlogiston theory. 

Shortly after the discovery of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride in the Venusian atmosphere in 1967, chemists begin to investigate possible atmospheric/surface interactions that would buffer (control) the amount of both gases in the atmosphere. One of the hypothesized reactions involves the interaction of HCl with the mineral nepheline (NaAlSiOJ, as follows ... 

A new development is the discovery of hydrogen-bonds in phenylsilanols, based upon Si-OH- aryl (described as ti HO) interactions. Thus, in (Me3Si)CSiPh(X)-OH, where X = I or OMe, the OH function of the silanol interacts with the aryl group of a neighboring molecule, leading to dimer formation [45]. In the compound with X = OH this n - HO interaction is additional to the normal hydrogen-bond detected earlier. 

The fifth Bakerian Lecture (read 16 November 1809) contains the discovery of hydrogen telluride, further investigations on ammonium, and some hasty speculations on the supposed composition of the elements Davy could not get rid of the idea that nitrogen contains oxygen. The supposed compound nature of sulphur and phosphorus was refuted by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. ... 

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