Discoveiy mechanism

All these multifarious activities took a lot of Einstein s energies but did not keep him from his physics research. In 1922 he published Ins first paper on unified field theoiy, an attempt at incorporating not only gravitation but also electromagnetism into a new world geometry, a subject that was his main concern until the end of his life. He tried many approaches none of them have worked out. In 1924 he published three papers on quantum statistical mechanics, which include his discoveiy of so-called Bose-Einstein condensation. This was his last contribution to physics that may be called seminal. He did continue to publish all through his later years, however. 

Pharmacogenetics as a Discoveiy Tool for Mechanisms of Diseases and New Therapentic Principles... 

Heisenberg s mime w ill alw ays be associated w nb his theory of quaiiumi mechanics, published in 1925. when lie was only 23 years old. For this theory and the applications of u. which resulted especially m ilic discoveiy ol allotropic forms of hydrogen, Heisenberg was awarded ihe Nobel Prize for Physics for 1932. 

The discoveiy that a mixture of (Z)-(94a) and (Z)-(94b), on treatment with LDA, forms only (Z)-(95a) and (Z)-(95b) is consistent with an intramolecular mechanism (e.g. Scheme 6) for this new imino-Wittig rearrangement of hydroximates alternative radical pathways have also been discussed for reactions of Z- and. E-isomers.169... 

The goal of this book is to summarize the recent advances in carbon nanotubes as a new material for electrochemical sensors. Since their discoveiy in 1991, carbon nanotubes have received considerable attention in different fields. Their speeial geometry and unique electronic, mechanical, chemical and thermal properties make them a very attractive material for the design of electrochemical biosensors. 

Plasma concentrations of NO metabolites were found to be markedly increased in septic shock shortly after the discoveiy that NO is a potent endogenous vasodilator. NO production is increased as a result of increased expression of the iNOS [64]. The vasodilating action of NO in shock is mediated by the activation of myosin light-chain phosphatase [65] and by the activation of potassium channels in the plasma membrane of vascular smooth-muscle cells [66]. Nitric oxide can activate KCa channels by two mechanisms direct nitrosylation of the channel and activation of a cGMP-dependent protein kinase [67,68]. 

Because both CO2 and CH4 are greenhouse gases and their partial pressures in the atmosphere are lower during glacial periods, they may play an important role in the feedback mechanism necessaiy to produce climate cycles. Although the processes controlling CO2 changes are still uncertain approximately 30 y after their discoveiy, it is fairly certain that the mechanism has to do with variations in the... 

Since the discoveiy of carbon nanotube (CNT) in the beginning of the 1990 intensive research has been conducted to qualify its electric conductivity and mechanical properties for use in several industrial applications. These new carbon materials are actually synthesized by using different processes such as... 

J. B. Gibbs, Mechanism-based taiget identification and drug discoveiy in cancer research. Science, 287 (2000), 1969-1973. 

The acylation of alcohols has been made mainly with the acetyl group, a huge development of the asymmetric version taking place in recent years. The acylation of alcohols was originally achieved using pyridine or tri-methylamine. Later, due to the discoveiy of DMAP as catalyst, a new methodology was established to accomplish this reaction with increased reaction rate. The mechanism accepted for this reaction is as shown in Scheme 2.1. Amidines, guanidines and related isothiourea catalysts have been used in these reactions too. In fact, DHPB has proved to be better catalyst than DMAP in acylation of secondary benzyl aleohols. ... 

Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker and Jens C. Skou for the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the first discoveiy of an iontransporting enzyme, Na, -ATPase. 

Dating from the original discoveiy from Reppel on the cyclooligomerization of acetylene, nickel-catal5 ed multicomponent cydoadditions have attracted considerable attention (see also Houben-Weyl, VoL E18, pp 987,993).l l Metallacydes have been proposed as important intermediates in most classes of cyclotrimerizations. The mechanism is likely to involve initial oxidative cydization to a five-membered metaUacyde, followed by insertion of a third unsaturated component, and finally reductive elimination to afford six-membered ring produds (Scheme 46). 

A maximum on concentration dependences of the conductivity at x 0,07 was observed for the tysonite-like Bij xBax(0,F)3 solid solution with the structure I (Rgure 14.39). The discoveiy of the ordered tysonite-like BiOyF3 2y phase (0.13 clustering mechanism described... 

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