Direct strengthening

Huang Qi is used as chief. Since it can strongly and directly strengthen the Lung-Qi, Spleen-Qi and Defensive-Qi, it can stabilize the exterior. 

Generally, these factors can act either in the same direction, strengthening the effect of each other, or in the opposite direction, thereby weakening this effect. In the former case, the final result is quite obvious, whereas in the latter it is hardly predictable a priori. For example, in the Ni-Bi binary system the melting point of nickel is 1455°C, while that of bismuth is 271°C. Atomic radii are 0.124 nm and 0.182 nm, respectively. From the point of view of melting temperatures, bismuth may be expected to be more mobile in the nickel bismuthides in the solid state, whereas from the point of view of atomic radii smaller nickel atoms must diffuse much faster. In this particular case, the effect of the difference in the melting points is known to prevail over effect of the difference in the atomic radii.149 150... 

The creep resistance of discontinuous magnesium composites can be significantly improved by comparison with the unreinforced matrix alloys in two separate ways. Direct strengthening of the composites arises mainly from effective load transfer provided that no debonding of the... 

In the case of direct strengthening, the load from the matrix gets directly transferred to the reinforcement. Because the reinforcement is stronger than the matrix, it increases... 

An important example of an MMC in situ composite is one made by directional solidification of a eutectic alloy. The strength, (, of such an in situ metal-matrix composite is given by a relationship similar to the HaH-Petch relationship used for grain boundary strengthening of metals ... 

It must also be recognized that adhesive interfaces are not static entities, but may deteriorate or even strengthen over time, and often it is the time course of interfacial strength or durability under different conditions and in different environments that is of greatest concern [4]. As important as durability issues are, they too will not be a direct concern of this chapter. 

The influence of airflows from ventilating systems must also be considered. Processes using mediums of different physical qualities when mixed will have separation into different layers. Transmission of energy between molecules in flowing mediums takes place in the direction of the velocity. This strengthens the separation into parallel layers. The level of fluid in containers and tanks is due to stratification of horizontal temperature layers, while airflow after batteries, heat-recovery systems, and humidifiers or dehumidifiers will separate into parallel layers. 

Further substitution of 2,4-disubstituted and most 2,3-disubstituted thiophenes occurs in the free a-position, except when a - -M-substituent in the 3-position strengthens the 4-directing power of a —1—M-sub-stituent in the 2-position. Thus methyl 3-methyl-2-thiophenecar-boxylate is brominated in the 4-position and 3-brorao-2-thiophene-aldehyde is nitrated in the 4-position. Recent investigations on the chloromethylation, sulfonation, mercuration, and nitration of 2,4-di-chlorothiophene, which without proof are assumed to occur in the 5-position serves as examples of the reactivity of a 2,4-disubstituted thiophene. Formylation with iV,A-dimethylformamide and... 

Liquid resin-based systems which, like the chemical surface hardeners, penetrate into the surface of a concrete topping or directly finished slab and protect the acid-susceptible cement matrix from attack and, at the same time, strengthen the surface of the concrete are now being increasingly used. These in-surface seals leave the slip resistance of the concrete floor virtually unchanged but the treated floors are easier to clean and are more durable. 

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