Dipole momentum

Field enhancement factors observed in Raman scattering from molecules adsorbed on nanosurfaces are even larger. The intensity of Stokes component in Raman scattering is proportional to the square of dipole momentum on that frequency [61] ... 

Rotation of a charged particle causes a magnetic momentum (dipole momentum). According to theory, the magnetic momentum of an electron is... 

Ion-molecule rate constants, predicted by these theories, show a satisfactory agreement with the experimental ones, as illustrated in Table XII for a set of proton-transfer processes. Furthermore, the data in Table XII confirm the view that rate coefficients for reactions between a given ionic species and homologous substrates are expected to fall within the same order of magnitude. Similar rate-constant coefficients for reactions involving a given ionic species and molecules with comparable polarizability and dipole momentum can therefore be expected. 

It can be seen from expressions (70)-(72) that the z component of the pseudospin determines the operator of dipole momentum, the y component is the operator of... 

Orientation polarization, which is due to the orientation of molecules that exhibit a permanent dipole momentum. 

The rate of radiative spontaneous decay. To, of a dipole transition of frequency ro and dipole momentum J in a point-like emitter, such an atom or a molecule, embedded into a dielectric host of permittivity Shost, is described by well-known expression (speed of light... 

The physical basis of the Raman effect is related to deformation of electron shells of molecules in an electric field E determined by the molecular polarisability a. Because the laser beam can be considered an oscillating electromagnetic wave with the electrical vector E and a frequency v0 it induces during interaction with the sample the electric dipole momentum P = aE. This momentum is the driving force of the deformation of the electronic shells of the molecules. Because this deformation is periodical, the molecular dipoles begin to vibrate with a characteristic frequency vm. 

Table 1.1 Dipole momentums of individual molecules in gas (Debye units,...

Molecule Dipole momentum, p- 10 Molecule Dipole momentum, p- 10 ... 

The dispersion interaction is observed between non-polar neutral molecules. It occurs only at the moment of the approach of these molecules due to the appearance in them of a short-time induced dipole momentum. In natural waters composition so interact mostly gas or organic components at encounter. This interaction is relatively rare, brief and too weak. For this reason its effect on ground water composition is insignificant. 

Ion pairs with charge have sufficiently high dipole momentum so they can interact with other ions. For this reason, as salinity grows, dehydration continues and H O dipoles are replaced by ions. According to the coordination theory proposed by Alfred Werner (1866-1919) in 1893, positively charged cations take place of the central atom or complexing, whereas anions are placed around them as ligands or addends. For this reason cations - both simple (CW, Fe +, Mn +, etc. and complex (NH +, VO, ... 

In contrast to x-rays (photons) and electrons, neutrons cannot exist for a long time in the free state (their mean lifetime is about 10 s). They possess magnetic dipole momentum — l.OlS/Xn, spin 1/2 and zero electrical charge and dipole momentum. Because of the lack of electrical charge, the neutron absorption cross-section for the most nuclei is small, Sa = 1 barn, (except... 

Here is replaced by the dipole momentum increment of a space element (see Equations 2.l-4 l,-45) and... 

System Constitutive Property As for each pole (see case study A1 Moving Bodies in Chapter 4), the velocity of the dipole is related to the dipole momentum through an inductive relationship using the inertial mass M of the dipole as inductance (which is an operator in the general case) ... 

Energy The variation of inductive (kinetic) energy is given by the product of the dipole velocity with the variation of the dipole momentum ... 

The linearity of both system properties is not required for fulfilling this condition, but their combination must be needed. The integration gives an exponential decrease in the dipole momentum with time ... 

The changes in polarization directions can be explained by invoking the concept of the polarizability, a, of ions. This quantity relates the dipole momentum p to the local field strength El that is associated with the deformation of the electron orbital shells of individual ions ... 

The electrical dipole momentum in -direction can be calculated using the following geometric relations (Nowotny et al, 2008) ... 

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