Electromagnetic oscillating

For radiation in equilibrium with electromagnetic oscillators consisting of the charges on material ions we can combine the formula for the mean energy of a resonator (Planck, Wcirme-strahluny, p. 124) ... 

Produced process models can be used for the design of measuring devices based on electromagnetic oscillation effect in the first case and based on charged particle lodging area definition in second. The equations decribing the motions in thermoelectric field have the following form ... 

Figure 6.1-13 To illustrate the electromagnetic (EM) enhancement of SERS a simple model of a small metal sphere (radius is much less than the wavelength) experienced by an electromagnetic oscillating field is considered. If the sphere is illuminated at the plasma resonance frequency of the metal electrons a high electric field on the metal surface is generated, whose efectric field lines are shown (Creighton, 1988).

X-rays interact with matter because their electromagnetic oscillations are affected by the electrons of the material. Neutrons take no notice whatsoever of electrons when they pass through matter. They interact with the nuclei. Neutron diffraction is sensitive to the atomic number and atomic weight of the atoms constituting the substance. For example, it can distinguish easily between Fe and Co in alloys and between isotopes such as and Cl. 

The energy flux of electromagnetic waves is determined by the Pointing vector S = eoc [E X B], Taking into account the relation between electric and magnetic fields (ssoE = damping of the electromagnetic oscillations in plasma can be presented... 

In that case, if through it passes electromagnetic radiation it becomes source of electromagnetic oscillations. From expression (3) may be derived Bruster Vertgame s equation... 

A nonlinear integral-differential equation of the van der Pol type represents the initial electromagnetic oscillation... 

The equivalent electrical circuit, rearranged under the influence of an apphed physical field, is considered as a parallel resonant circuit coupled to another circuit such as an antenna output circuit Thus, in Figure 15.4c, Wj, Cd, La, and Ra correspond to the circuit elements each Wd represents active emitter-coupled oscillator and Cd, Ld, and Rd, represent passive capacitive, inductive, and resistive elements respectively. The subscript d is related to the particular droplet diameter, that is, the droplet under consideration. Now, again the initial electromagnetic oscillation is represented by... 

The electromagnetic oscillation causes the tuning or structuring of the molecules (ions) in the electric double layers. The structuring is realized by complex motions over the various degrees of freedom, whose energy contributions depend on the positions of the individual molecules in and around the stopped droplet-film structure under the action of some periodical physical field. 

Now, again the initial electromagnetic oscillation is represented by the differential equation (15.10), and when the nonlinear terms are omitted or canceled the first step, homogeneous solution may be obtained using numerical calculation derived from the Grunwald definition. Equations (15.41)-(15.43), as shown in Figure 15.6. 

As for a microwave cavity, several types of transverse electromagnetic oscillations or modes are possible for a laser cavity. Generally, one tries to... 

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