Dipolar interactions hydrogen bonding

Non-covalent bonds include ionic and dipolar interactions, hydrogen bonds, aromatic interactions (7I—7I, cation k and anion 7t), closed shell interactions and van der Waals interactions. 

In order to include other interactions such as dipolar or hydrogen bonding, many semiempirical approaches have been tried [196, 197, 200], including adding terms to Eq. X-45 [198, 201] or modifying the definition of [202, 199]. Perhaps the most well-known of these approaches comes from Fowkes [203, 204] suggestion that the interactions across a water-hydrocarbon interface are dominated by dispersion forces such that Eq. X-45 could be modified as... 

Affinity chromatography involves precisely the same kind of electrostatic, hydrophobic, dipolar, and hydrogen-bonding interactions described above, but the specificity of binding is extraordinarily high. Demands on the homogeneity of the stationary phase and on the rigidity of the support are often... 

Finally, some molecules possess permanent charge separations, or dipoles, such as are found in water. The general case for the interaction of any positive dipole with a negative dipole is called dipole-dipole interaction. Hydrogen bonding can be thought of as a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction. A dipolar molecule like ammonia, NH3, is able to dissolve other polar molecules, like water, due to dipole-dipole interactions. In the case of NaCl in water, the dipole-dipole interactions are so strong as to break the intermolecnlar forces within the molecular solid. 

TheD term accounts for part of the effects of solution enthalpy. Enthalpy of mixing results when the solute-solvent interaction force is different from the solute-solute and the solvent-solvent interactions. Intermolecularforces can be further characterized as dispersion, dipolar, and hydrogen-bond forces. In the mobile order solubility approach, dispersion and dipolar forces were not separated. The effects of these two forces on solubility were expressed in terms of modiLed solubility parameters, S andSj. The relationship between solubility and solubility parameters can be derived in the... 

The mode of asymmetric induction can be rationalized from the mechanism of the photopinacolization in the presence of aliphatic amines. The electron transfer from the amine to the excited triplet ketone furnishes charge transfer complex 5, from which a radical pair is formed by protoirtransfer. The weakly coordinated chiral amine seems to favor the dimerization of radical 6 from the si face leading to the (/ , ft)-enantiomer 3. The much lower selectivities observed with methanol as the cosolvent (3% ee at 27°C) indicate dipolar or hydrogen bonding interactions between the chiral diamine and the prochiral radical (Scheme 4). 

Solvent interactions with solute molecules are predominately electrostatic in nature and may be classified as dipolar or hydrogen-bonding. The position of the fluorescence band maximum in one solvent, relative to that in another, depends on the relative separations between ground and excited state in either solvent and, therefore, the relative strengths of ground- and excited-state solvent stabilization. 

The suitability of a solvent for a given extraction problem can be assessed by the distribution coefficient as long as the evaluation refers to the separation of the solute. In order to elucidate the solubilities, it has to be determined whether the intermolecu-lar forces present in the liquids are caused by polar molecules with their dipolar interaction, hydrogen-bridge bonding or by non-polar molecules with van der Waals interaction. The impact of such forces is discussed in the literature [27],... 

Authors indicated that as the descriptors in Eq.(36) refer to particular properties of the solutes, the coefficients in the equation will correspond to specific properties of the solid phase as follows r - refers to the ability of the phase to interact with solute ir- and n-electron pairs s to the phase dipolarity/polarisability a to the phase hydrogen-bond basicity b to the phase acidity, and 1 to the phase lipophilicity. Analysis of these coefficients lead authors to the statement that solute dipolarity/polarisability, hydrogen-bond acidity, and general dispersion interactions influenced adsorption. The examined fullerene was weakly polarisable and had some hydrogen-bond basicity. 

In all classes of CSPs the classical interaction forces such as ionic, dipolar, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and 7t-7t interactions can be involved. 

The first illustration is provided by ferroelectrics belonging to the family of pyridinium salts. Complex interplay between the contributions of van der Waals, Coulomb, dipolar and hydrogen-bonding interactions are expected because of the hybrid nature of the compound. The majority of reported NMR experiments are proton second-moment and relaxation studies on polycrystalline samples. The most sophisticated NMR methods with regard to resolution, symmetry and time-scale interpretations applied to the historical problem of assigning a pure order disorder or displacive mechanism to a ferroelectric phase transition will provide the second example with the study of squaric acids and perovskites compounds like BaTi03. 

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