3-dimensional morphology

The coupling of an acoustic levitation system with a portable Raman spectrometer provides a novel approach to recording spectra of living algal cells. In addition to portability, the system has the advantage of enabling the measurement of cells in their native environment and in a fixed and contactless position. With this approach, the cells retain their 3-dimensional morphology... 

Considering existing microscopical techniques, one can find that non-destmctive information from the internal stmcture of an object in natural conditions can be obtained by transmission X-ray microscopy. Combination of X-ray transmission technique with tomographical reconstmction allows getting three-dimensional information about the internal microstmcture [1-3]. In this case any internal area can be reconstmcted as a set of flat cross sections which can be used to analyze the two- and three-dimensional morphological parameters [4]. For X-ray methods the contrast in the images is a mixed combination of density and compositional information. In some cases the compositional information can be separated from the density information [5]. Recently there has been a... 

Fig. 27—The images of three-dimensional morphologies, (a) and lateral force (b) of Au film [9],...

Figure 10.4 Three-dimensional morphology of the spatially graded morphology obtained for a PS/MMA (10/90) mixture Dark region PSAF-rich phase transparent region PMMA-rich phase [9].

Duan, W., Kitamura, S., Uechi, 1., Katsuki, A. and Tanimoto, Y. (2005) Three-dimensional morphological chirality induction using high magnetic fields in membrane tubes prepared by a silicate garden reaction. J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 13445-13450. 

Huang, J., Xia, C., Cao, L. and Zeng, X. (2008) Facile microwave hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide one-dimensional nanostructure with three-dimensional morphology. Materials Science and Engineering B, 150, 187-193. 

In order to confirm the large hydration behavior of phospholipid LB films only around their Tc, two-dimensional morphology of DMPE monolayers was observed by a fluorescence microscope. The two-... 

In contrast, the three- or two-dimensional morphologies of colloidal aggregates via Brownian particle trajectories show a fractal-like structure. One of the most prominent features of the surface deposits formed by the diffusion-limited aggregation mechanism is the formation of isolated treelike clusters (9). In our experiments, the surface morphology of the silica-coated polyethylene composite prepared by... 

These three features correspond to the two-dimensional morphology of a crystal, and are directly related to the problems of the three-dimensional morphology of polyhedral crystals. Habitus and Tracht. This is because the normal growth rate R which determines Habitus and Tracht is related in the following way to the height of a step, h, the advancing rate of the step, v, and the step separation, A. ... 

Discussion - The morphological properties of active fillers are important aspects of rubber reinforcement. The structure of the reinforcing filler is characterized by aggregates of primary particles, which form cavities for attachment and penetration of polymer molecules. The SEM pictures show that the three-dimensional morphology is basically maintained. 

Simmons, C.A. and Hipp, J.A. 1997. Method-based differences in the automated analysis of three-dimensional morphology of trabecular bone. J. Bone Miner. Res. 12(6), 942-947. 

SEM, as others surface-based methods such as scanning probe microscopy (SPM), or more specifically atomic force microscopy (AFM), generally only shows the surface or a cross-section of the three-dimensional arrangement of the CNTs in the polymer matrix. However, the team of Loos et al. has shown that conventional SEM is able to provide (pseudo) three-dimensional morphological... 

Butt, A. M., Colquhoun, K., Tutton, M., and Berry, M., Three-dimensional morphology of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the intact mouse optic nerve, J. Neumcytol., 23, 469, 1994. 

The experimental results have been obtained almost entirely from LEED, UPS and LEELS measurements for coverages ranging from a fraction of a monolayer to 20 monolayers, but an important point has been the use of molecular beam techniques for metal deposition to minimze contamination effects. (The metal was effused from clean Knudsen sources.) If we consider first the LEED observations, the initial state is a thermally produced 111 7 x 7 structure. The 7x7 periodicity is retained up to 1 monolayer of metal deposit, but as an extrinsic 7x7 pattern induced by the metal rather than a simple decrease in intensity of the Si 7 x 7 reflections. This was quoted as evidence of an essentially two-dimensional morphology for the metal deposit, since the formation of three-dimensional nuclei with clean silicon between them would have only reduced the intensity of the intrinsic 7x7 pattern. Beyond one monlayer, growth could follow a Stranski-Krastanov mode, however. 

Confocal microscopy was recently developed [Vesely, 1996]. This new OM method makes it possible to obtain images at various depths, then to combine these into a three-dimensional construct. The method has been mainly used for film specimens, but it can also be applied to polymer blends. Although the resolution is similar to the classic OM, this is the only OM method that records three-dimensional morphology. 

Hall, A. D. (1969), Three Dimensional Morphology of Systems Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, Vol. 5, pp. 156-160. 

From Holes to Drops to Toroids Conditions for the Transcription of Surface Patterns into Three-Dimensional Morphologies via Rim Instabilities in the Course of Dewetting... 

S. D. OosterhouL M. M. Wienk, van S. S. Bavel, R. Thiedmaim, Jan Anton L. Koster, J. Gilot, J. Loos, V. Schmidt, R. A. J. Jcuissen, The Effect of Three-Dimensional Morphology on the Efficiency of Hybrid Polymer Solar Cells. Nat. Mater. 2009,8,818-824. 

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