Differentiated organizations

Single internal cytoplasm Periplasm as second compartment As for prokaryote plus internal vesicles and organelles As for unicellular eukaryote plus cell/cell differentiation Organs and extracellular body space Animals with a nervous system senses and a brain able to search external space... 

Allen, T., Raja, S. Dunn, K. (1991). Cells expressing ENOD2 show differential organization during the development of alfalfa root nodules. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 4, 139-46. 

Isoenzymes or isozymes are enzymes from a single species that have the same kind of enzymatic activity but differ in chemical structure. In addition, they may differ in quantitative characteristics such as possessing different Km s with the same substrate and may differ in response to temperature and effectors. Isozymes of more than 100 enzymes have been demonstrated in humans. The most important of these for diagnostic purposes are the isozymes of LDH, CK, alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and aldolase. These have been exploited for differential organ diagnosis. 

It is now suggested that the adult heart may not be a terminally differentiated organ because it contains stem cells supporting its regeneration. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent, giving rise to endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and functional cardiomyocytes. The existence of these cells opens new opportunities for myocardial repair.259 See chapter 6. 

In a differentiated organism, each tissue must be provided with fuels that it can use, in amounts sufficient to meet its own energy needs and to perform its specialized roles. Energy production must meet needs that vary widely, depending on level of exertion, composition of fuel molecules in the diet, time since last feeding, and so forth. In humans, for example, the daily caloric intake may vary by 4-fold, depending in part on the level of exertion-from 1500 to 6000 kcal/day in an average-sized human or, in the thermodynamic units used in the text, from 6000 to 25,000 kJ/day. 

Being a highly differentiated organ with a multiplicity of functions, skin should not be looked at simply as a membrane that passively controls the traffic of bacteria and moisture at the interface between the individual and the environment. Skin is an actively metabolizing organ, and our work shows that attempts to design its replacement become successful if they incorporate this important fact. For convenience we have termed this replacement an artificial skin. 

Steroids act as stimulus for protein synthesis (anabolica, catabolica) in specific cells of differentiated organisms. It is thought that the hormone-binding... 

In a differentiated organism, each tissue must be provided with fuels that it can utilize for its own energy needs to perform its function. For example, muscles need to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for their mechanical work of contraction, and the liver needs ATP for the synthesis of plasma proteins and fatty acids, gluconeogenesis, or for the production of urea for the excretion of nitrogenous compounds. 

Fibers from these olfactory sense cells which are present in the olfactory epithelium, enter the olfactory bulbs. In contrast to the absence of differentiated organs in other sensory systems, the differentiation of the olfactory system at hatching suggests that in monotremes as in marsupials, sense of smell plays a part in location of the maternal teat (Griffiths, 1978). 

There are two classification systems of electrochromic materials according to their chemical species and according to their physical state. The chemical classification differentiates organic and inorganic electrochromic materials. Organic electrochromic... 

A key finding of these studies was that there are different organs that show preferred uptake depending on the size and charge of the nanocomposite tested. Importantly, when surface charge was kept constant and the size of the nanodevice is varied, different biodistributions resulted, with differential organ selective uptake noted. 

---