Adenosine triphosphate generation,

Morton, R.K., and Raison, J.K., 1963, A complete intracellular unit for incorporation of amino-acid into storage protein utilizing adenosine triphosphate generated from phytate. Nature 200 429-433. 

ATP Adenosine triphosphate. Chemical energy generated by substrate oxidations is conserved by formation of high-energy compounds such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or compounds containing the thioester bond. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The principal chemical energy source for cellular processes. It is largely produced during aerobic metabolism. In the neuron most ATP is used in the maintenance of the electrochemical gradient required to generate an action potential. 

Microbial activity requires energy, and all microorganisms generate energy. This energy is subsequently stored as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which can then be utilized for growth and metabolism as needed, subject to the second law of thermodynamics [2,23,35,41,42,51,54]. 

The cytochrome b(6)f complex mediates electron transfer between the PSI and PSII reaction centers by oxidizing hpophUic plastoquinol (PQH2) (see Figure 7.24) and reducing the enzymes plastocyanin or cytochrome Ce. The electronic connection also generates a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient that can support adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis instead of electron transport. 

The main function of mitochondria is the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate, which is achieved by energy transfer from oxidation of fuels. Some cells (e.g. hepatocytes) contain several thousand mitochondria, whereas others, such as erythrocytes, lack them entirely. 

The activation of adenylyl cyclase enables it to catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to 3 5 -cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which in turn can activate a number of enzymes known as kinases. Each kinase phosphorylates a specific protein or proteins. Such phosphorylation reactions are known to be involved in the opening of some calcium channels as well as in the activation of other enzymes. In this system, the receptor is in the membrane with its binding site on the outer surface. The G protein is totally within the membrane while the adenylyl cyclase is within the membrane but projects into the interior of the cell. The cAMP is generated within the cell (see Rgure 10.4). 

The answer to the first question relates to the coupling of proton energies generated by light or oxidation to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis... 

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