Diamide extraction process

The DIAMEX (DIAMide Extraction) process was first developed by Musikas (1987) at the Fontenay-airx-Roses Research Center (France) and by Madic and Hudson (1998) to extract minor actinides (americium and curium) and lanthanides to reduce the radiotoxicity and volume of waste. This process is based on the use of malonamide extractants (Figure 1427). For the first version of DIAMEX, di-methyl-di-butyltetradecylmalonamide (DMDBTDMA) was developed (Madic et al., 2002 Musikas, 2006 OECD, 1999,124-125), including countercurrent... 

DIAMEX [DIAMide Extraction] An alternative to the TRUEX process for removing transuranic elements from nuclear waste. The extraction agent is malondiamide, which can more easily be burned off than organic phosphates. Developed by the CEA in France. 

Extraction processes (TRUEX, PUREX, Talspeak, DIAMEX, PARC, etc.) generally involve complexation of transplutonium elements by alkyl phosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphoric acids, carbamoyl phosphonates, diamides, and thiophosphinates in aqueous/organic extractions, within derivatized solid supports, or on coated particles. There are excellent reviews of the processes and significant complexes by Mathur et al. and selected chapters in The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements to be published in 2003. " Work on the separation for nuclear waste management in the United States, France, and Russia have been reviewed. " ... 

Bidentate oxygen-donor extractants include the neutral diamide compounds, such as the malonamides used in the French DIAMEX and DIAMEX-SANEX processes, RR N(C=0)-CHR"-(C=0)NRR the bisphosphine oxides, RR (P=0)- CIIR"-(P=0) RR the carbamoyl-(methyl)-phosphinates, R0R 0(P=0)-(CI I On o 0rr(C=0)NRR or the more efficient carbamoyl-methyl-phosphine oxides, RR (P=0)-CHR"-(C=0)... 

Peterman, D.R., Herbst, R.S., Law, J.D., Tillotson, R.D., Gam, T.G., Todd, T.A., Romanovskiy, V.N., Babain, V.A., Alyapyshev, M.Y., Smirnov, I.V. 2005. Diamide derivatives of dipicolinic acid as actinide and lanthanide extractants in a variation of the UNEX process. Global 2005 Nuclear Energy System for Future Generation and Global Sustainability, October, Tsukuba, Japan. 

Chen, J., Wang, S. 2005. A new conceptual reprocessing process based on the diamide derivative extraction. Global 2005 Nuclear Energy System for Future Generation and Global Sustainability, October, Tsukuba, Japan. 

A,A, A, A -tetraoctyl-3-oxapentane-l,5-diamide (TODGA) was studied as an extractant for minor actinides such as Am(III) and Cm(III) from a PUREX raffinate or for actinides(III) and (IV) from spent nuclear fuel, in the context of the ARTIST process (219-228). Therefore, some stability studies were undertaken recently. 

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