Diameter spread

McQuain et al. (2003) undertook a detailed study on the effects of relative humidity and a direct comparison of fhe impacts DMSO vs. betaine in print buffer on the overall performance of quill pin printing. A video microscope was employed to visualize and track the drying behaviors of the various printing inks. A Cy5-labeled 466-bp dsDNA probe was used to monitor the printing process. Drop-drying behavior, bulk evaporation from the quill reservoir, surface tension changes, and spothng characteristics (spot diameter, spread, and number deposited) were examined at different RH levels. 

Electron microscopy of the isolated polymer reveals compact and well separated spheres (31). The distribution of diameters spreads from... 

A recent study has been performed on various spray dried orange flavors(20% oil fixed in the powder) encapsulated on various Acacia gums and on mixtures of Acacia gums and malto-dextrins. The aromas in powder were tested by chromatography and then examined by electronic microscopy. This clearly shows the regular and uniform film covering each particle 10 to 40 microns in diameter. Prints of broken particles reveal numerous oil droplets (1 micron in diameter) spread in a gum nucleus. Protection of the oil phase then becomes fully effective. 

The relative diameter spread aJd5o can then be used to compare the width of size distribution of particles having different mean diameter. Plotting the cumulative size fraction versus particle size, the diameter spread is defined as ... 

Plotting the weight percentage versus the mean particle diameter dp allows the size distribution of the powder to be obtained, as shown in Figure 2. The relative diameter spread ajd5o is then calculated to obtain an indication of the width of the size distribution of the sample under analysis. The diameter spread, erd, is given by ... 

As recently summarized [9], the affected territory has a shape of a rhomboid. Its longer diameter spreads over 500 km (from the Vratza municipality in Bulgaria to villages west of Slavonski Brod in Croatia), while its transversal diameter has about 300 km (from endemic foci in eastern Romania to Vitina municipality in Kosovo). The disease affects individuals who live (or used to live) in rural environment. There are spared households even in the most affected areas, leading... 

Figure 2.10 (a) Histogram of the number of contact for each particle from Figure 2.8. (b) Radial distribution function for particles. The distance is scaled by the average mean diameter. Spreading of the peak at 1 is due to diameter variability. (Continued)... 

Equation (2.28), being statistical in nature, requires a large number of particles to be measured, especially if the spread of particle size is wide. The possibility of error from this source is stressed by Arnell and Henneberry who found that in a particular sample of finely ground quartz, two particles in a total of 335 had a diameter about twenty times the most probable diameter, and that if these were overlooked the calculated value of A would be nearly doubled. 

Effect of Uncertainties in Thermal Design Parameters. The parameters that are used ia the basic siting calculations of a heat exchanger iaclude heat-transfer coefficients tube dimensions, eg, tube diameter and wall thickness and physical properties, eg, thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, and specific heat. Nominal or mean values of these parameters are used ia the basic siting calculations. In reaUty, there are uncertainties ia these nominal values. For example, heat-transfer correlations from which one computes convective heat-transfer coefficients have data spreads around the mean values. Because heat-transfer tubes caimot be produced ia precise dimensions, tube wall thickness varies over a range of the mean value. In addition, the thermal conductivity of tube wall material cannot be measured exactiy, a dding to the uncertainty ia the design and performance calculations. 

Discharges initiate in the gap region between the electrodes and then spread into surface discharges at the surface of the dielectric layer. The bright surface discharges are on the order of a few mm in diameter and the power ranges from these lamps can be from a few watts to several kilowatts over a... 

For proper use of the equations, the chamber shape must conform to the spray pattern. With cocurrent gas-spray flow, the angle of spread of single-fluid pressure nozzles and two-fluid pneumatic nozzles is such that wall impingement wiU occur at a distance approximately four chamber diameters below the nozzle therefore, chambers employing these atomizers should have vertical height-to-diameter ratios of at least 4 and, more usually, 5. The discharge cone below the vertical portion should have a slope of at least 60°, to minimize settling accumulations, and is used entirely to accelerate gas and solids for entty into the exit duct. 

A material that has a high toxicity does not necessarily present a severe toxic hazard. For example, a ton of lead arsenate spilled in a busy street is unhkely to poison members of the public just a short distance from the spiU, because it is not mobile. It could be carefully recovered and removed and would present a low risk to the gener pubhc, even though it is extremely toxic. On the other hand, a ton of liquefied chlorine spilled on the same street could become about 11,000 fF of pure gas. The IDLH for chlorine is 25 ppm. This is a concentration such that immediate action is required. Thus, the one ton of chlorine, if mixed uniformly with air, could create a cloud of considerable concern, having a volume of about 4.4 X 10 fF or a sphere 770 ft in diameter. This could quickly spread over downwind areas and... 

The minimum case is when rhe diameter of vena contracta of the plume is about 80% of the upper surface diameter and is located approximately one-third of a diameter above the source. I he spreading angle of rhe plume is set ro 25". For low-temperature sources, Skistad - recommends the maximum case, whereas rhe minimum case best fits the measure ments for larger, high-temperature sources. 

Net-tension failures can be avoided or delayed by increased joint flexibility to spread the load transfer over several lines of bolts. Composite materials are generally more brittle than conventional metals, so loads are not easily redistributed around a stress concentration such as a bolt hole. Simultaneously, shear-lag effects caused by discontinuous fibers lead to difficult design problems around bolt holes. A possible solution is to put a relatively ductile composite material such as S-glass-epoxy in a strip of several times the bolt diameter in line with the bolt rows. This approach is called the softening-strip concept, and was addressed in Section 6.4. 

This fire occurred some years ago because those concerned did not fully appreciate the difference in behavior between liquid hydrocarbons, such as naphtha or gasoline, and LFGs. The vapor from a spillage of gasoline will spread only a short distance—about the diameter of the pool. But the vapor from a spillage of LFG can spread for hundreds of meters. 

A massive amount of propane is instantaneously released in an open field. The cloud assumes a flat, circular shape as it spreads. When the internal fuel concentration in the cloud is about 10% by volume, the cloud s dimensions are approximately 1 m deep and 100 m in diameter. Then the cloud reaches an ignition source at its edge. Because turbulence-inducing effects are absent in this situation, blast effects are not anticipated. Therefore, thermal radiation and direct flame contact are the only hazardous effects encountered. Wind speed is 2 m/s. Relative humidity is 50%. Compute the incident heat flux as a function of time through a vertical surface at 100 m distance from the center of the cloud. 

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