Diagnostic tools distributed diagnostics

By measuring the retention volume of a solute, the distribution coefficient can be obtained. The distribution coefficient, determined over a range of temperatures, is often used to determine the thermodynamic properties of the system this will be discussed later. From a chromatography point of view, thermodynamic studies are also employed as a diagnostic tool to examine the actual nature of the distribution. The use of thermodynamics for this purpose will be a subject of discussion in the next chapter. It follows that the accurate measurement of (VV) can be extremely... 

As shown in this review, test equipment integrated with several diagnostic techniques is preferred for a deeper insight into the mechanisms that cause performance losses and spatial non-uniform distribution. As a consequence, more information, which is simultaneously obtained with these diagnostic tools, will strongly support development of empirical models or validate theoretical models predicting performance as a function of operating conditions and fuel cell characteristic properties. 

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR IN-SITU VISUALIZATION OF WATER CONTENT DISTRIBUTION IN PEMFCs... 

In Chapter 3, it was stated that the ideal PFR and CSTR are the theoretical limits of fluid mixing in that they have no mixing and complete mixing, respectively. Although these two flow behaviors can be easily described, flow fields that deviate from these limits are extremely complex and become impractical to completely model. However, it is often not necessary to know the details of the entire flow field but rather only how long fluid elements reside in the reactor (i.e., the distribution of residence times). This information can be used as a diagnostic tool to ascertain flow characteristics of a particular reactor. 

Consider the situation illustrated in Fig. 10 for proton transfer in the pro-tonated water trimer. Suppose one has postulated the variable Ar as the reaction coordinate for the transition. Then, the question arises if Ar is a relevant and sufficient description of the reaction mechanism. In the case of the Fig. 10 it is clearly not. If one drives the transition by controlling Ar, hysteresis will occur, indicating that the variable Ar is not sufficient for a dynamical description of the reaction. Observing hysteresis is a crude way of testing reaction coordinates and a more precise procedure is called for. Calculating distributions of committors for constraint ensembles can be precisely the powerful tool we need to test the correctness of the proposed reaction coordinate. This diagnostic tool is not restricted to TPS but can be applied... 

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