Developing countries effective regulation

Society s control of the use of medicines, and of those who dispense and prescribe them, dates back several thousand years. Equally, norms, standards, practical guides and guidelines to promote effective regulation have now existed nationally and globally for several hundred years. Both developed and developing countries have practised dmg regulation for some time. 

There are economic and social reasons to hold that prices need not be identical between countries (they are not for other goods), and therefore the tendency to use observed prices in other countries to regulate domestic prices is open to question.32 Moreover, the fact that they are identical at the time of introduction onto the market does not prevent them from developing differently over time, which undermines the effectiveness of the mechanism. 

Pharmaceutical distributors, wholesalers, importers, exporters, all those involved in the distribution chain are key players that, maybe more than others, should improve their capacity to combat counterfeit medicines. It is through the distribution chain that counterfeit medicines reach patients. It is therefore essential that distributors, wholesalers, importers, exporters develop and effectively implement business practices that make the distribution chain as impermeable as possible to counterfeits and open to appropriate verification by national authorities. It is known that in many countries unauthorized trade is widespread and that it is difficult to get unauthorized traders to respect rules and regulations. Yet, if unauthorized trade is the result of many factors, local distributors and retail pharmacists may find themselves part of the problem (for having left important areas of the country without effective supply mechanisms)... 

He has advised the South Africa government on water markets and his research interests focus on international environmental regulations. He is particularly interested in the effects ofpressures from Western politicians and Green activists to impose first-world environmental policies on developing countries. 

Today, proper and effective treatment and prevention of air and water emissions resulting from chemical production are in place in developed countries. However, less developed countries often lack the same standard of regulations. This results... 

Furthermore, problems which evolve in developing countries in the establishment of drug control have been a consequence of the adaptation of the provisions established successfully elsewhere and of a complexity that precludes the effective implementation in the country of adoption. It should be emphasised that regulations and procedures must reflect conditions in the country and can then be adopted according to the available resources. However, regulatory authorities still have to implement the responsibilities that have been duly given by enactments. There is no doubt that the administrative and technical responsibilities which develop could be seen as steps toward quality assurance. 

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