Detonation, defined

Detonation ( or Explosion) Pressure. Its definition is given in Vol 1, p X and description in Vol 4, pp D483-L to D485-R. It must not be confused with Pressure of Gases Developed on Detonation defined in Vol 1, pXX... 

The propagation of a shock wave from a detonating explosive or the shock wave induced upon impact of a flyer plate accelerated, via explosives or with a gun, result in nearly steady waves in materials. For steady waves a shock velocity U with respect to the laboratory frame can be defined. Conservation of mass, momentum, and energy across a shock front can then be expressed as... 

The Canadian Standards Association Standard Z343 (CSA 1998) presents test methods for in-line and firebox flame arresters. In this standard in-line flame arresters are limited to only detonation types and firebox flame arresters are defined as flame arresters installed in an enclosnre, or system of enclosnres, where the mn-np distance is less than 1.5 meters and open to the atmosphere. Firebox flame arresters are commonly nsed on eqnip-ment designed to heat flnids in prodnction operations snch as indirect heaters, emnlsion treaters, and glycol dehydrators. The development history of this standard is presented in Section 2.3.2. 

Brisance and power are quantities that can be defined more exactly than sensitivity, and PETN is one of the most powerful and brisant expls known. It is also among the most studied expls, from both exptl and theoretical points of view. In this section we will consider PETN s steady detonation parameters, thermochemistry, and initiation characteristics,... 

Detonation is universally defined as a chemically supported shock wave. It is a cooperative... 

An accident described with ammoniacal siiver chloride also occurs with ammoniacal silver nitrate, when kept for too long. Such a solution, which was kept for two weeks, detonated when it was stirred with a glass stirrer. Some authors vapourised such a solution when it was dry and isolated a solid, which proved to be explosive on impact. The structure of this (or these) compound(s), which is (or are) formed is not clearly defined. The authors, who proceeded to add sodium hydroxide containing ammonia to the solid, obtained a solid, which detonated almost immediately after its appearance in the solution. They considered it to be trisilver nitride. 

Calculation of the dynamic parameters using a ZND wave structure model do not agree with experimental measurements, mainly because the ZND structure is unstable and is never observed experimentally except under transient conditions. This disagreement is not surprising, as numerous experimental observations show that all self-sustained detonations have a three-dimensional cell structure that comes about because reacting blast wavelets collide with each other to form a series of waves which transverse to the direction of propagation. Currently, there are no suitable theories that define this three-dimensional cell structure. 

This relationship, of course, will hold for a shock wave when q is set equal to zero. The Hugoniot equation is also written in terms of the enthalpy and internal energy changes. The expression with internal energies is particularly useful in the actual solution for the detonation velocity tq. If a total enthalpy (sensible plus chemical) in unit mass terms is defined such that... 

Belles prediction of the limits of detonability takes the following course. He deals with the hydrogen-oxygen case. Initially, the chemical kinetic conditions for branched-chain explosion in this system are defined in terms of the temperature, pressure, and mixture composition. The standard shock wave equations are used to express, for a given mixture, the temperature and pressure of the shocked gas before reaction is established (condition 1 ). The shock Mach number (M) is determined from the detonation velocity. These results are then combined with the explosion condition in terms of M and the mixture composition in order to specify the critical shock strengths for explosion. The mixtures are then examined to determine whether they can support the shock strength necessary for explosion. Some cannot, and these define the limit. 

Reactivity. A material is considered to be a reactive hazardous waste if it is normally unstable, reacts violently with water, generates toxic gases when exposed to water or corrosive materials, or if it is capable of detonation or explosion when exposed to heat or a flame (40 CFR 261.23). Materials that are defined as forbidden explosives or class A or B explosives by the Department of Transportation are also considered reactive hazardous waste. 

In accordance with the usual convention, we define a detonation as a reaction traveUing faster than the local speed of sound in the unreacted medium, and a deflagration as being a reaction travelling at or slower than the local speed of sound in the unreacted medium. An example of each type of event is given below ... 

A semi-empirical method for estimating the detonation velocities of explosives composed of C, H, N, and O atoms has been proposed.PI The heat of detonation per mole, AHd, defined by... 

An explosion can be defined as a fast, transient, exothermic reaction. It needs exothermicity to generate energy and must be fast to generate this energy very quickly in a transient pulse. We can also distinguish between events in which the reaction propagates at subsonic velocity as an explosion and one in which the reaction propagates with sonic or supersonic velocity as a detonation. 

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