Detonations types

If the arrester is not placed at the end of a line, it is known as an in-line arrester. In-line arresters can be of the deflagration or detonation type. 

An in-line detonation flame arrester must be used whenever there is a possibility of a detonation occurring. This is always a strong possibility in vent manifold (vapor collection) systems, where long pipe runs provide sufficient run-up distances for a deflagration-to-detonation transition to occur. Figure 3-3 shows the installation of in-line arresters of the detonation type in a vent manifold system. 

As mentioned earlier, flame arresters can be classified as either deflagration or detonation type. Deflagration flame arresters on tanks are designed to stop a flame from propagating into a tank from an unconfined atmo-... 

It is emphasized that the system shown in Figure 5-13 represents only a simplification of actual plant installations, which may he more complex. If it is not obvious at which point ignition is likely to occur, a flame arrester installed in an actual plant may have to he selected to face a comhination of the conditions shown in Figure 5-13. Therefore, for manifolded vent systems, the arrester should he a hidirectional, detonation type, and hoth sides of the arrester element should he provided with thermocouples to detect a stable flame. 

The Canadian Standards Association Standard Z343 (CSA 1998) presents test methods for in-line and firebox flame arresters. In this standard in-line flame arresters are limited to only detonation types and firebox flame arresters are defined as flame arresters installed in an enclosnre, or system of enclosnres, where the mn-np distance is less than 1.5 meters and open to the atmosphere. Firebox flame arresters are commonly nsed on eqnip-ment designed to heat flnids in prodnction operations snch as indirect heaters, emnlsion treaters, and glycol dehydrators. The development history of this standard is presented in Section 2.3.2. 

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) and Factory Mntnal Research (FM) will condnct tests for flame arrester mannfactnrers to ascertain if a designated flame arrester (deflagration or detonation type) will prevent passage of a flame of a specific gas. Both UL and FM test procednres also inclnde tests for endnrance bnrning, and in the case of UL tests, also for continnons flames. 

FM will condnct tests at their own test facilities nsnally only for deflagration flame arresters, following their Class 6061 test procednre. They will also observe and approve tests done at a hame arrester mannfactnrer s own test facility for both dehagration and detonation type hame arresters. For detonation hame arresters FM will accept tests that are done in accor-... 

Detonation, Type 1- and Type 2-Impact Tests in. See Ref 67 under DETONATION (AND EXPLOSION), EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES, Section 4... 

Smoke Rifle Grenade, WP, M19A1 with MID Fuze, shown in Fig l-20g, consists of three basic pgrts the body, the fuze, and the stabilizer, made of steel. The cylindrical body, 2-inches in diameter, is made of sheet steel and is fitted with a rounded ogive. It is filled with 8.5 oz of white phosphorus and is completely sealed to prevent the entrance of air. The fuze is MID (mechanical impact detonating) type. 

Output tests for detonator type components are generally based on an attempt to measure the brisance or the peak pressure of the shock wave. The common tests for detonators are practically all applicable to each of the three main varieties, namely stab, electric and flash detonators. Following are brief descriptions of output test for detonators and primers ... 

KC1 Os/SbaSj/Pb(SCN)a 5/53/17/25 (Ref 87) Friction Type — LA/KC10j/SbaSj/carborundum 28.3/33.4/33-3/5.0 Relay Type — LA Pressed at 5000 psi and covered with an onion skin and Detonator Type — LA generally sensitized by the addn of lead styphnate (LSt), PbOjQHfNOjVHjO, to lower the ignition temp... 

TT an airburst fragmentation charge is used, it will be necessary to use a comnand detonator type of system,... 

Fig 5. Temperature and area curves extracted from time-resolved spectra of statically-detonated Type A Small munitions. The periodic error bars reflect die standard error in die fit parameter. 

The calculation of p-process yields from a variety of Chandrasekhar mass Type I supernova models of the deflagration or delayed detonation types, as well as of sub-Chandrasekhar He-detonation models. In the latter case, a... 

Thus, an approximate value for the TNT equivalent of a detonation-type explosion can be obtained from chemical structure (or, in many cases, from [29, 31]) for assessing blast effects. Similarly, the TNT equivalent for explosion of a mixture of a combustible material in air (vapor-cloud explosion) can be obtained from the heat of combustion (when multiplied by an explosion-efficiency factor, which may be of the order of 10%). 

Finding 4-2. Detonation-type technologies offer complementary capabilities to the EDS and all have the following characteristics ... 

A discussion of the Tier 1 detonation-type technologies will be informed by first considering appropriate means for gauging their performance. A measure of performance... 

Chamber lifetime is among the considerations that would have a significant impact on cost, reliability, and safety. Were the U.S. Army to further investigate any of the detonation-type technologies examined in this report, a structural integrity assessment for the number of detonation cycles that could be anticipated for the life of the detonation chamber with respect to the types of munitions to be processed would give important information. Likewise, a failure modes and effects analysis for each type of detonation system under consideration would be highly desirable. 

Finding 4-6. Each detonation-type technology has different characteristics such as destruction rate, initial capital and operating costs, and ability to be moved from one location to another that are relevant to the selection of a system for a particular project. Structural integrity, defined as a specified allowable number of detonation cycles, is another factor to be considered, as would be the results of any failure modes and effects analyses. 

Finding 4-7. Procedures for measuring the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE), destruction efficiency (DE), or some other metric of performance for detonation-type processes do not appear to have been established in the United States. This gap will seriously hinder future evaluations of such technologies for possible application to non-stockpile... 

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