Detergents additional basicity

Carboxylates High molecular weight carboxylic acids were the first substrates used to prepare detergent additives. Basic and overbased calcium alkylcarboxylates... 

The basicity of a detergent is an essential additive characteristic. It is expressed as Total Basic Number (T.B.N.) (ASTM D 664). 

Today microemulsions are used in catalysis, preparation of submicron particles, solar energy conversion, extraction of minerals and protein, detergency and lubrication [58]. Most studies in the field of basic research have dealt with the physical chemistry of the systems themselves and only recently have microemulsions been used as a reaction medium in organic synthesis. The reactions investigated to date include nucleophilic substitution and additions [59], oxidations [59-61], alkylation [62], synthesis of trialkylamines [63], coupling of aryl halides [64], nitration of phenols [65], photoamidation of fluoroolefins [66] and some Diels-Alder reactions. 

Highly active, selective and stable catalysts for the production of MP [30-33] and DEK [33] with sterically demanding basic diphosphine ligands have also been developed. In addition, these type of catalysts selectively convert internal olefins to Unear esters for the production of detergents, plasticizers and nylon intermediates [32,34],... 

Ion-pairing reagents are detergent-like molecules added to the mobile phase to provide additional retention or selectivity for the analytes with opposite charge. Long-chain alkyl sulfonates are commonly used for the separation of water-soluble basic analytes as shown in Figure 16 in the analysis of water-soluble vitamins (WSV). Hexanesulfonate binds with... 

Since the detergent Molex process is both a high normal paraffin purity and recovery process, it is designed with the full allotment of Sorbex beds in addition to the four basic Sorbex zones. The detergent Molex process utilizes a split desorbent. This means it consists of a mixture of n-pentane and iso-octane. The zone flush primarily consists of isooctane and its purpose is to keep the desorbent (n-... 

The SDS-free PAGE system described by Panyim and Chalkley is suitable especially for small basic proteins (e.g., histones). Additives such as non-ionic detergents as Triton XlOO [0.05-0.1% (w/v)] may additionally increase the resolution. 

Next to volatility and water solubility, two additional parameters of odorants greatly affect their performance in application inherent odor strength and odor volume. They are not included in Table 13.4 because they are nearly always desirable. Odor volume may be more or less relevant in different applications, but it is hardly ever undesirable (except in the residual odor of dishwashing detergents) inherent odor strength may be considered to be the basic measure of an odorant s value in terms of intensity. They were not included in Table 13.4 also because few reliable data have been published regarding either of them. Since they depend on the reproducible measurement of human responses, their determination is laborious and fraught with pitfalls. 

Larger alkyl groups are required when the Mannich base is used as an additive to fuels, lubricants, etc. In some cases the anticorrosion power is afforded by exhaustive aminomethylation of polyfunctional substrates with aliphatic amines, thus obtaining branched basic derivatives (see, e.g., 499, Sec. A. 1) that arc able to protect the material against acid corrosion.Detergent- (sec also 513, Table 38) and antioxidant - actions can be combined with the anticorrosion ability of certain additives to oils and fuels, although the undesired formation of emulsion or foam may be favored. 

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