Design saturation

Grenz-. limit (in Org. Ckem. designating saturated aliphatic compounds) limiting, terminal, marginal ( /ec.) aperiodic, -alkohol, m. limit alcohol, paraffin alcohol, alkanol. -bedingung, /. Limiting condition,... 

Applications. The saturated salt sensor has certain advantages over other electrical humidity sensors, such as % RH instruments. Because the salt sensor operates as a current earner saturated with Li and Ci ions, addition of contaminating ions has little effect on its behavior compared to a typical RH sensor, which operates "starved" of ions and is easily contaminated. A properly designed saturated sail sensor is not easily contaminated since, from an ionic standpoint, it can be considered precontaminaied. 

Air Obviously, more volatile chemicals such as halo-methanes will partition primarily into air because of their high vapour pressure. Indeed, vapour pressure is really solubility in air in disguise. The common vapour pressure P2 (superscripts designating saturation or maximum value) being convertible into a concentration by dividing P by the gas constant temperature product RT. 

Partially vaporized feed reverses these effects. For a given separation, the feed conditions can be optimized. No attempt should be made to do this at this stage in the design, since heat integration is likely to change the optimal setting later in the design. It is usually adequate to set the feed to saturated liquid conditions. This tends to equalize the vapor rate below and above the feed. 

Liquid chromatography is preceded by a precipitation of the asphaltenes, then the maltenes are subjected to chromatography. Although the separation between saturated hydrocarbons and aromatics presents very few problems, this is not the case with the separation between aromatics and resins. In fact, resins themselves are very aromatic and are distinguished more by their high heteroatom content (this justifies the terms, polar compounds or N, S, 0 compounds , also used to designate resins). 

The most oommon method for measuring formation resistivity and henoe determining hydrocarbon saturation is by logging with a resistivity tool such as the Laterolog. The tool is designed to force electrical current through the formation adjacent to the borehole... 

It is important to keep in mind that the phases are mutually in equilibrium. In particular, the designation is a reminder that the solid surface must be in equilibrium with the saturated vapor pressure and that there must therefore be an adsorbed film of film pressure (see Section X-3B). Thus... 

The locations of the maxima of the -field and the E-field are different depending on the mode chosen for the EPR experuuent. It is desirable to design the cavity in such a way that the B field is perpendicular to the external field B, as required by the nature of the resonance condition. Ideally, the sample is located at a position of maxuuum B, because below saturation the signal-to-noise ratio is proportional to Simultaneously, the sample should be placed at a position where the E-field is a minimum in order to minimize dielectric power losses which have a detrimental effect on the signal-to-noise ratio. 

Several designs for STM electrochemical cells have appeared in the literature [M]- hr addition to an airtight liquid cell and the tip insulation mentioned above, other desirable features include the incorporation of a reference electrode (e.g. Ag/AgCl in saturated KCl) and a bipotentiostat arrangement, which allows the independent control of the two working electrodes (i.e. tip and substrate) [ ] (figure BL19.11). 

Valdmanis J A and Fork R L 1986 Design considerations for a femtosecond pulse laser balancing self phase modulation, group velocity dispersion, saturable absorption, and saturable gain IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. 22 112-18... 

The hysteresis loops to be found in the literature are of various shapes. The classification originally put forward by de Boer S in 1958 has proved useful, but subsequent experience has shown that his Types C and D hardly ever occur in practice. Moreover in Type B the closure of the loop is never characterized by the vertical branch at saturation pressure, shown in the de Boer diagrams. In the revised classification presented in Fig. 3.5, therefore. Types C and D have been omitted and Type B redrawn at the high-pressure end. The designation E is so well established in the literature that it is retained here, despite the interruption in the sequence of lettering. 

The value of the saturation concentration,, is the spatial average of the value determined from a clean water performance test and is not corrected for gas-side oxygen depletion therefore K ji is an apparent value because it is determined on the basis of an uncorrected. A tme volumetric mass transfer coefficient can be evaluated by correcting for the gas-side oxygen depletion. However, for design purposes, can be estimated from the surface saturation concentration and effective saturation depth by... 

The effective saturation depth,, represents the depth of water under which the total pressure (hydrostatic plus atmospheric) would produce a saturation concentration equal to for water ia contact with air at 100% relative humidity. This can be calculated usiag the above equation, based on a spatial average value of T, measured by a clean water test. For design purposes,, can be estimated from clean water test results on similar systems, and it can range from 5 to 50% of tank Hquid depth. Effective depth values for coarse bubble diffused air, fine bubble diffused air, and low speed surface aerators are 26 to 34%, 21 to 44%, and 5 to 7%, of the Hquid depth, respectively. 

There are variations in representation of rings in different disciplines. The dye industry does not designate aromaticity or double bonds in rings. AH double bonds and aromaticity are shown in the Encyclopedia as a matter of course. For example, tetralin has an aromatic ring and a saturated ring and its stmcture appears in the Encyclopedia with its common name. Registry Number enclosed in brackets, and parenthetical CA index name, ie, tetralin [119-64-2] (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene). With names and stmctural formulas, and especiaHy with CAS Registry Numbers, the aim is to help the reader have a concise means of substance identification. 

The success of the process results from the fact that nowhere inside the furnace is heat extracted from the copper-saturated blast furnace buUion through a soUd surface. The problem of accretion formation (metal buUd-up), which has plagued many other attempts to estabUsh a copper dtossing operation of this type, does not arise. In the cooling launder, lead-rich matte and slag accumulate on the water-cooled plates, but these ate designed so that when they ate lifted from the buUion stream, the dross cracks off and is swept into the furnace via the cooled lead pot. 

A shorthand designation for fatty acids is used. For example, 18 0 = saturated C g 18 1 = acid with one double bond 18 2 = Cjg acid with two... 

Although not designed to control filtration, HEC may be effective as a filtration control agent in combination with other organic polymers in waters having salinities up to saturation. 

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