Design of Explosion Property

Explosion property of explosive is related to its explosion heat. In a chemical reaction under certain conditions, the released or absorbed heat is the thermal effect of reaction. 

When all elements react to form 1 mol of a substance, the released or adsorbed heat is formation heat of the substance. When 1 mol of the substance was combusted in pure oxygen, the released heat is combustion heat when 1 mol of explosive was exploded under anaerobic conditions, the released heat is explosion heat, which is different from combustion heat because combustion heat is the heat released from complete oxidation of combustible components in a material. According to Kirchhoff  

Thermal effect change with temperature is equal to the thermal capacity difference between the staring material and the final material, which can be expressed as the following  

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the following equation can be obtained  

If the reaction is carried out with constant volume. Ay = 0, the following can be obtained. 

---

In the design of explosive facilities, two major considerations are of paramount importance controlling the conditions which can lead to a premature initiation of energetic materials, and providing the maximum degree of personnel and property protection. 

Such results may also suggest that, although excellent as an interpolative tool as was intended by ruby s designers (i.e., for explosives with compositions and properties between RDX and TNT, see also Appendix C), the ruby code may be less satisfactory in extrapolative situations. Various ruby users have computed detonation properties of hypothetical explosives at predicted densities as high as 2.1-2.2 g/cc, and have used the results as a basis for extended synthesis programs. It 4s now suggested that predictions of explosive properties based on such computations are subject to serious question. 

Properties of Explosives of Military Interest, Engineering Design Handbook Series No. 707-177, AMC, Alexandria, Va., 1971. 

These alloys have corrosion resistance similar to that of copper, with mechanical properties equivalent to mild steel. Because silicon bronzes do not generate sparks under shocks, they can be used in the fabrication of explosion-proof equipment. Compared to tin bronzes, the tinless bronzes have a higher shrinkage (1.7-2.5% against 1.3-1.5% of tin bronzes) and less fluid-flow, which is an important consideration in designing. 

Engineers Design Handbook (Explosive Series, Properties of Explosives of Military Interest), AMC Pamphlet No 706-177 (1971) 25)L.E. 

The ability to control the polymer from the design of the catalyst, coupled with high catalytic efficiency has led to an explosion of commercial and academic interest in these catalysts. Exxon started up a 30 million lb/5rr ethylene copol3rmer demonstration plant in 1991 using a bis-cyclopentadienyl zirconium catalyst of structure 1. The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) began operating a 125 million Ib/yr ethylene/l-octene copolymer plant in 1993 and has since expanded production capacity to 375 million Ib/yr. This paper will focus on the structure / property relationships of the catalysts used by Dow to produce single-site ethylene a-olefin copolymers. 

It is illegal to dispose of explosive materials or compounds with the knowledge, intent, or reason to beheve that such materials or compounds are to be used to injure persons or property [144]. It is also, illegal to transfer any item designed to explode or produce an uncontained combustion with the intent to cause bodily or physical harm [145]. 

The explosives mentioned here are only a few selected from a long list of materials that can be used as explosives. This presents an unusual detection challenge. The chemical and physical properties of explosives vary widely, so it is a challenge to design a sensor that can detect all explosives equally well. One such property is the equilibrium vapor pressure of explosives. From Figure 7.1, which is a plot of the equilibrium vapor pressures of selected explosives at 25°C,... 

Cook (Ref 17, p 36) designates the available energy as A, and states that this property, as well as the heat of explosion Q, and the ratio A/Q are the important quantities determining the total blast or "avaiable work potential or "available energy . The theory is presented in Chapter 11 of Ref 17, pp 265ff and is considered more reliable than experimental procedures, at least for CHNO expls. The experimental procedures referred to by Cook for determination of (A) include Trauzl Block Test and Ballistic Mortar Test. New methods have been proposed, such as determination of peak pressure or/and total energy ... 

Holland, Editor, Explosives — Effects and Properties , NOLTR 65-218 (Feb 1967), Sect D-4 6) Anon, Engineering Design Handbook, Properties of Explosives of Military Interest , Army Materiel Command Pamphlet, AMCP 706-77 (Jan 1971), pp 156-163... 

A number of explosives for various applications have been synthesized, characterized for structural aspects, thermal and explosive properties by us in India and are being evaluated [193-198] for their intended end-use. The evaluation of BTATNB [Structure (2.27)] indicates that it is slightly more thermally stable than PATO [Structure (2.24)] coupled with better insensitivity toward impact and friction [71]. The data on thermal and explosive properties of some aromatic nitrate esters suggest that l,3,5-tris(2-nitroxyethyl nitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene [Structure (2.54)] is a potential substitute of PETN [193]. An explosive called 2,4,6-tris (3,5 -diamino-2, 4, 6 -trinitrophenylamino)-l,3,5-triazene [designated as PL-1 Structure (2.55)] is a new thermally stable and insensitive explosive which on comparison with TATB suggests that it is slightly inferior to TATB [Structure... 

---