Design line-focusing

Equations (3.2) and (3.3) are approximate formulae for spectrometers of modem design without lenses. The actual value for the VG prism spectrometer used in our HB-501 STEM is about 1.8 pmeV. In parallel detection mode, the dispersion achieved is usually further magnified by quadmpole lenses. A single quadmpole produces a line focus. Two such lenses in series can act as a... 

In the second detector design, multisheath flow detector, the capillaries are illuminated with a line-focused laser beam. Huorescence is collected at right angles and imaged onto a CCD camera. The use of the CCD camera ensures that aU capillaries are monitored simultaneously. To eliminate light scattering, the capillary array is inserted into a... 

Software systems design is focused on developing the software architecture and requirements specifications. Similar to the electrical architecture, the software version is also known as a data flow diagram (DFD) that shows how different devices communicate with each other. For system with many devices, a separate communications architecture may be required. To design the software systems, a DFD is also created to map the data flow between sensors and mechanisms to the control units. In DFDs, there are boxes representing external entities or data sources, data flow shown as lines, data stores shown as open boxes, and processes shown as circles. 

Figure 12-19 shows the basic design of a TXRF instrument. The primary beam is generated by an X-ray source with a line focus, either a fine structure tube (containing a Mo, W or... 

Another advantage of the robotic technique is that the target distance to the part can be set -and maintained at the optimum distance for the reflector design. For many lamp units, especially those using elliptical reflectors designed to focus to a line, the focal lengths are relatively close (t5rpically around 2 from the face of the lamp). This means that the lamp must be operated out-of-focus (in what some refer to as the far field ). While this is common practice it is also inefficient as the power falls off rapidly in the far field. 

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