Target distance

Complement to instrumental observations areas with frequent plume blight, discoloration visual ranges with available target distances Areas experiencing periodic, well-mixed general haze medium to short viewing distances small absorption coefficient (b ) relating to point comptosition measurements... 

It should be stressed that all of the depositions described above were performed at the same background pressure, substrate to target distance, tumbling speeds and powers. It is unknown at this point what affect changing these conditions will have on the produced nanoparticles. There are also additional parameters which could be adjusted which may have an affect on the particle size distribution. These parameters include the type of deposition... 

Analysis of the two average structures obtained from the two unique starting points demonstrated convergence to a similar conformational species. In each, the sum of the NOE restraint energy was less than 4.7 kcal/mol and the RMS deviation from the target distances was below 0.25 A. Similar results were obtained for each simulation when they were repeated without the electrostatic term being included in the total potential-energy function. This important data lends credence to the hypothesis that the final structures are derived from the NOE restraints and not by poorly represented electrostatic interactions. 

Figure 1. Comparison between VB and full-CI results with the same basis-set for the LiH system as a function of projectile-target distance. The r(LiH) distance is fixed at the equilibrium distance of the diatomic molecule and the Jacobi angle (the projectile-LiH centre of mass-target H angle) is fixed at the value of 169°.

Fig. 4.12. Valence band maximum binding energies of magnetron sputtered ZnO and ZnO Al films in dependence on the oxygen content in the sputter gas at room temperature (left) and in dependence on substrate temperature for deposition in pure Ar (right). The binding energies are derived from X-ray excited valence band spectra. All films were deposited using a total pressure of 0.5 Pa, a sputter power density of 0.74 Wcm 2 and a substrate to target distance of 10 cm. The horizontal line indicates the position of the conduction band minimum...

Lens-target distance Lens focus length plus 0-40 mm... 

Figure 4. Effect of NaCl amount in the PVA solution on fiber morphology (DH = 98%, voltage = 5kV, tip-target distance = 10cm flow rate = 0.2 ml/h). NaCl amount based on H20 (a) 0.05% (b) 0.10% (c) 0.15% (d) 0.2%. Original magnification 10k [55],...

Figure 9. Effect of voltage on morphology and fiber diameter distribution from a 7.4% PVA/water solution (DH = 98%, tip-target distance = 15cm, flowrate = 0.2 ml/h). Voltage (a) 5kV (b) 8kV (c)lOkV (d) 13kV. Original magnification lOkx [56].

If there are only approximate lower (dbw) and upper (dup) limits of the target distances, a square-well of the form ... 

This still restrains the conformation to the target distance and it does so witii much a smaller NOE force constant. The omitted 3 /9R(t) is of the order 8t/t where 8t is the time step of the trajectory. 

FIG. 11 Images of the pH profile (a) around 80-/am-diameter yeast/agarose target. The tip diameter was 15 /am, the tip scan rate was 10 gm/s, and the solution contained 5 mM glucose in 1 mM phosphate buffer. The tip-target distance was 20 /am (b) after treatment of the yeast culture with 1 g/dm2 NaHS03. 

A sufficiently large particle moves linearly under the effect of the forces of inertia until it collides with the bubble surface, which takes place if the target distance b < a +Up (Fig. 10.1),... 

The liquid flow envelops the bubble surface, and the particles are entrained to a greater or a lesser extent by the liquid. The smaller the particles and the less different their density relative to that of the medium, the weaker are the inertia forces acting upon them and the more closely the particle trajectory coincides with the liquid streamlines. Thus, at the same target distance fairly large particles move almost linearly (Fig. 10.1, line 1), while fairly small particles move essentially along the corresponding liquid flow line (line 2). The trajectories of particles of intermediate size are distributed within lines 1 and 2 as the size of particles decreases, the trajectories shift from line 1 to line 2 and the probability of collision decreases. 

Trajectories of large (inertia, line 1) and small (inertia-free, line 2) particles at the same target distance b... 

Fig. 10.2, as indicated by a dashed line). Otherwise the particle is carried off by the flow. From Fig. 10.2 it is evident that the calculation is essentially reduced to the so-called "grazing trajectory" (continuous curve) and, correspondingly, the target distance. A similar approach has long been used in the science of aerosols (Langmuir and Blodgett, 1945). 

In the process involving inertialess approach of particles to the bubble surface, their size also plays an important role. It is in the equatorial plane that the closest approach of the streamline to the bubble surface is attained. In Fig. 10.3 the broken line (curve 1) represents the liquid streamline whose distance from the bubble surface in the equatorial plane is equal to the particle radius. Some authors erroneously believe that this liquid streamline is limiting for the particles of that radius. The error consists in that the SRHI is disregarded. Under the influence of the SRHI the particle is displaced from liquid streamline 1 so that its trajectory (curve 2) in the equatorial plane is shifted from the surface by a separation greater than its radius. Therefore, no contact with the surface occurs and, correspondingly, b(ap) is not a critical target distance, b. 

Figure 10.3 The influence of the finite dimension of particles in inertia-free flotation on their trajectory in the vicinity of a floating bubble. The liquid flow lines corresponding to target distances b(a,) and are indicated by dashed lines. The continuous lines are characteristic of the deviation of the trajectory of particles from the liquid flow lines under the influence of short-range hydrodynamic interaction...

This potential is shown schematically in Figure 9.24. dj and d are the lower and upper distances that are considered to be consistent with the experimental data, (dj +d )/2 is thus the assigned target distance obtained from a measurement of the NOESY intensity and the error associated with that measurement is (d — di)/2. A distance between d and du incurs no penalty. Outside this region the restraint is applied using two harmonic potentials. These restraining potentials may have different force constants and so be of different steepness. In some functional forms, the harmonic potential is eventually replaced by a linear function, as illustrated in Figure 9.24. 

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