Design by experiment

Design by experiment - a technique where product characteristics are established by conducting experiments on samples or by mathematical modeling to simulate the effects of certain characteristics and hence determine suitable parameters and limits. 

Burger M T, A Armstrong, F Guamieri, D Q McDonald and W C Still 1994. Free Energy Calculations in Molecular Design Predictions by Theory and Reality by Experiment with Enantioselective Podand lonophores. Journal of the American Chemical Society 116 3593-3594. 

By proper design of experiments, guided by a statistical approach, the effects of experimental variables may be found more efficiently than by the traditional approach of holding all variables constant but one and systematically investigating each variable in turn. Trends in data may be sought to track down nonrandom sources of error. 

Statistical designs for experiments maximize information and reduce research time and costs. These techniques are less likely to miss synergistic factors affecting performance or product quaUty, minimize the element of human bias, eliminate less productive avenues of experimentation by taking... 

The design of industrial-scale collectors still rests essentially on empirical or semiempirical methods, although it is increasingly guided by concepts derived from theory. Existing theoretical models frequently embody constants that must be evaluated by experiment and that may actually compensate for deficiencies in the models. 

Devices that you use for product verification at all stages in the quality loop need to be controlled and this includes devices used for inspection and test on receipt of product, in-process, and final acceptance before release to the customer. It also includes devices used during design and development for determining product characteristics and for design verification. Some characteristics cannot be determined by calculation and need to be derived by experiment. In such cases the accuracy of devices you use must be con-... 

Accepted solutions are usually covered by specifications and codes of practice. These documents are important for three reasons they form part of the contract they define methods of design and fabrication proven by experience and they act as a means of communication between the parties involved in design, fabrication, construction and inspection. There is a strong incentive to use standard solutions as unexpected problems or misunderstandings are less likely to occur than if a novel solution is attempted such problems lead to the cost of rectification, but the delay that they cause is usually more importantConsequently project managers are often reluctant to be the first to use a novel solution. 

Dependent variables, 7 Design of experiments, 27 Developing calibrations, 17 Dimensionality, 94 of ILS data, 72 reduction by PCA, 80, 98 reduction by PLS, 80 Education... 

After formulating a hypothesis, scientists design further experiments—carefully controlled tests—to verify it. Designing and conducting good experiments often requires ingenuity and sometimes good luck. If the results of repeated experiments—often in other laboratories and sometimes by skeptical coworkers—support... 

This chart was prepared to be a guide to insurance inspectors and not a design technique. Experience indicates, however, it is often used by designers to estimate a reactor vent size. 

The current study was limited by viscosity due to mechanical limitation in reactor design. An experiment... 

Linking the ketone and carboxylic acid components together in an Ugi reaction facilitates the synthesis of pyrrolidinones amenable to library design. The three-component condensation of levulinic acid 30, an amine and isocyanide proceeds under microwave irradiation to give lactams 31 [65]. The optimum conditions were established by a design of experiments approach, varying the equivalents of amine, concentration, imine pre-formation time, microwave reaction time and reaction temperature, yielding lactams 31 at 100 °C in poor to excellent yield, after only 30 min compared to 48 h under ambient conditions (Scheme 11). 

Example 40 Trial calculations are done for Vanaiyt = (0.5) and Vprod = (0.9). .. (1.1) the required t-factors for p = 0.1 turn out to be 1.94. .. 1.66, which is equivalent to demanding n - 1. .. 120 calibration samples. Evidently, the case is critical and needs to be underpinned by experiments. Twenty or 30 calibration points might well be necessary if the calibration scheme is not carefully designed. 

Although for the moment this model is only partially supported by experimental data it offers the opportunity to design new experiments which will help to understand the mechanisms of pardaxin insertion and pore formation in lipid bilayers and biological membranes which at a molecular level are the events leading to shark repellency and toxicity of this marine toxin. 

Different kinds of experimental procedures have been used and these should be evaluated against the background in which several organisms or several substrates are simultaneously present. There are no essential differences in the design of experiments using pure cultures and those employing metaboli-cally stable consortia. It should be emphasized, however, that even in the latter, the experiments should be carried out under aseptic conditions otherwise, interpretation of the results may be compromised by adventitious organisms. 

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