Dermal exposure assessment

Dermal exposure assessment Whole-body monitoring... 

Fenske, R.A. (1993) Dermal exposure assessment technique, Ann. Occup. Hygiene, 37(6) 687-706. 

EPA, Dermal Exposure Assessment Principles and Applications (1992), Exposure Assessment Group, p. 2-3If. 

USEPA. 1992. "Dermal Exposure Assessment Principles and Application." United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), report no. EPA/600/8-91/011B (January, 1992). U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. 

Kerger B, Corbett G, El-Sururi S, et al. 1995. Validating dermal exposure assessment techniques for dioxin using body burden data and pharmacokinetic modeling. Organohalogen Compounds 25 137-141. 

H. Marquart, S. Maidment, J.L. McClaflin and M.C. Fehrenbacher, Harmonization of Future Needs for Dermal Exposure Assessment and Modelling A Workshop Report, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2003, 16,218. 

Fenske, R.A., J.T. LeffingweU and R.C. Spear (1985). Evaluation of Fluorescent Tracer Methodology for Dermal Exposure Assessment, in Dermal Exposure Related To Pesticide Use, R.C. Honeycutt, G. Zweig and N.N. Ragsdale (Eds), ACS Symposium Series 273, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 377-393. 

Driver, J.H., G.K. Whitmyre, J.J. Konz, T.A. Roy, J.J. Yang and A.J. Krueger (1989). Dermal exposure assessment for toxicants in soU soil adherence to skin and dermal bioavailability, in Total Exposure Assessment Methodology A New Horizon, Proceedings of the EPA/A WMA Speciality Conference, November 1989, Las Vegas, NV, USA, pp. 597-618. 

Phillips, L.J., R.J. Fares and L.G. Schweer (1993). Distributions of total skin surface area to body weight ratios for use in dermal exposure assessments, J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidem., 3, 331-338. 

Understanding the Variables Involved in Assessing Dermal Exposure Assessment Macro- and Micro-Event Modeling... 

USEPA (1992b). Dermal Exposure Assessment Principles and Applications, Report No. 600/8-91-011B, Exposure Assessment Group, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA (website http //www.epa.gov/ncea/dermal.htm). 

Different methods of human exposure assessment vary with respect to the input data or information required and the degree of uncertainty associated with resulting estimates. Eor example, the film-thickness approach to dermal exposure assessment is a screening-level methodology that assumes a uniform layer of material (e.g., a liquid consumer product) is on the skin, and that a portion of the material in this layer is absorbed, per the dermal absorption characteristics of the chemical. In contrast, dermal exposure assessment and percutaneous absorption methods can include metrics that account for time-dependent exposure and absorption processes. Eor example, in the case of secondary dermal contact with chemicals on surfaces (e.g., transfer of pesticide residues from... 

Sahmel, J., and Boeniger, M. (2006). Dermal exposure assessments. In A Strategy for Assessing and Managing Occupational Exposures, Ignacio, J. S., and Bullock, W. H., eds., American Industrial Hygiene Association, Fairfax, VA, pp. 137-161. 

Environmental Protection Agency. (2003). Updated Dermal Exposure Assessment Guidance, Philadelphia U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 3. Available at WWW.epa.gov/reg3 hwmd/ ri sk/dermal ag. h tm. 

This log is a calculated value taken from fhe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency interim report (1992) on dermal exposure assessment. 

Evaluation of Fluorescent Tracer Methodology for Dermal Exposure Assessment... 

The above factors need to be considered when conducting dermal-exposure assessment studies, particularly when developing sampling strategies. 

Although in vivo studies are physiologically relevant, they only provide an indirect measurement of the absorption of the substance across the skin. Furthermore, the results of in vivo studies are often reported as the percent of the applied dose that is absorbed, which limits their use for dermal-exposure assessment if a is... 

Fenske RA (1993) Dermal exposure assessment techniques. Ann Occup Hyg 37 687-706... 

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