Derivatives Containing Carbonyl Groups

You see in Chapter 10 that aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group attached to carbon or hydrogen atoms. In the case of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, a carbonyl group is attached to an electronegative element such as oxygen, chlorine, or nitrogen. The presence of these elements tends to increase the 5+ charge on the carbonyl carbon, which makes the carbon atom more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. 

Photoinduced graft copolymerization of cellulose derivatives especially containing carbonyl groups in the absence of a photosensitizer, has been investigated. Grafting of methyl methacrylate onto dialdehyde and dicarboxyl celluloses proceeded more easily than onto monocarboxyl cellulose. The grafting efficiency of the former two samples attained to 95-100%. 

In conclusion, it can be stated that the lack of chemical reactions which are suitable for proving an acidic orthoester structure leaves the absorption measurements in the ultraviolet as the most promising method for the determination of structure. It would be veiy desirable if such measurements could be made on Ohle s monobenzoyl-derivative and on Pigman and Isbell s monobenzoyl-talose, since these molecules do not contain carbonyl groups in their orthoester forms. 

The term steroid is often used to designate all compounds containing this ring system. It is more accurately reserved for those derivatives that contain carbonyl groups. Sterols have a similar structure but also contain hydroxyl groups. 

Electrochemical fluorination of tetrahydrofuran carboxylic acids derivatives proceeds with preferential formation of F-tetrahydrofurane (5), however, in case of furans containing carbonyl group in the side chain, an interesting formation of spiro-ethers 7 is observed. F-Oxanes 8 and 9 are prepared in low yield by ECF of the corresponding oxane derivatives (Fig. 9.2). 

The combination of CO insertion into a metal alkyl bond with other elementary processes leads to catalytic processes that produce useful compounds containing carbonyl groups. The most widely utilized of these processes are olefin hydroformylation and Heck carbonylation to prepare carboxylic acids and their derivatives. 

A text on aspects of asymmetry in carbohydrates has appeared, which includes reviews on the composition of reducing sugars in solution, asymmetric reactions of carbohydrates containing carbonyl groups, and prochirality and pseudoasymmetry in carbohydrate biochemistry, besides articles on nitro-sugar stereochemistry, chiral sulphur derivatives, and carbohydrate crown-ether compounds. A general survey of organic chemistry includes an extensive account of monosaccharide chemistry. ... 

Most transition metal clusters not containing carbonyl groups are metal halide derivatives in which the transition metal has a relatively low oxidation state. These are prepared by reduction of higher metal halides or other derivatives with the metal in a relatively normal oxidation state, for example,... 

TETRAORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS CONTAINING CARBONYL GROUPS AND DERIVATIVES... 

As for the main volume caution should be exercised regarding the formulae used there. The tetraorganotin compounds containing carbonyl groups and derivatives listed in Table 112 are prepared by methods from the following scheme. 

R = organic group or hydrogen. Additional tetraorganotin compounds containing carbonyl groups and derivatives may be found in Chapters 2.5, 2.. 5, 2.5.5, and 2.6. 4-. 

Additional tetraorganotin compounds containing carbonyl groups and derivatives are listed in Table 112. 

Table 112. Tetraorganotin Compound s Containing Carbonyl Groups and Derivatives RnSnR 4.1 ...

Hydrazine and its alkylated derivatives are used as rocket fuels in organic chemistry, substituted phenylhydrazines are important in the characterisation of sugars and other compounds, for example aldehydes and ketones containing the carbonyl group C=0. 

The chemistry of the carbonyl group is probably the single most important aspect of organic chemical reactivity Classes of compounds that contain the carbonyl group include many derived from carboxylic acids (acyl chlorides acid anhydrides esters and amides) as well as the two related classes discussed m this chapter aldehydes and ketones... 

What structural features are responsible for the reactivity order of carboxylic acid derivatives Like the other carbonyl containing compounds that we ve studied they all have a planar arrangement of bonds to the carbonyl group Thus all are about the same in offering relatively unhindered access to the approach of a nucleophile They differ m the degree to which the atom attached to the carbonyl group can stabilize the carbonyl group by electron donation... 

The basic carbohydrate molecule possesses an aldehyde or ketone group and a hydroxyl group on every carbon atom except the one involved in the carbonyl group. As a result, carbohydrates are defined as aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols and their reaction products. A look at the formula for glucose shows that it contains hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the ratio in which they are found in water. The name carbohydrate... 

A cyanohydrin is an organic compound that contains both a cyanide and a hydroxy group on an aUphatic section of the molecule. Cyanohydrias are usually a-hydroxy nitriles which are the products of base-cataly2ed addition of hydrogen cyanide to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones. The lUPAC name for cyanohydrias is based on the a-hydroxy nitrile name. Common names of cyanohydrias are derived from the aldehyde or ketoae from which they are formed (Table 1). 

Acyl derivatives of azoles containing two different environments of nitrogen atoms can rearrange. For example, 1-acyl-1,2,3-triazoles are readily isomerized to the 2H-isomers in the presence of triethylamine or other bases the reaction is intermolecular and probably involves nucleophilic attack by N-2 of one triazole on the carbonyl group attached to another (74AHC(16)33). 

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