Derivatives and Related Substances

Acetic Acid Derivatives and Related Substances (indometacin, diclofenac, sulindac, etodolac, aceclofenac) and structural analogue (lumiracoxib)... 

Dr A.M. Padilla, Quality and Safety of Plasma Derivatives and Related Substances, Department of Essential Health Technologies, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland... 

FIGURE 8.1 Congeneric groups are formed by members sharing common structural and metabolic features, such as the group of 2-isopropylidene-substituted cyclohexanone derivatives and related substances. 

Proof of the existence of benzene in the light oil derived from coal tar (8) first estabHshed coal tar and coal as chemical raw materials (see Eeedstocks, COAL chemicals). Soon thereafter the separation of coal-tar light oil into substantially pure fractions produced a number of the aromatic components now known to be present in significant quantities in petroleum-derived Hquid fuels. Indeed, these separation procedures were for the recovery of benzene—toluene—xylene (BTX) and related substances, ie, benzol or motor benzol, from coke-oven operations (8) (see BTX processing). 

Thermal Stability. The saturated C —C 2 ketones are thermally stable up to pyrolysis temperatures (500—700°C). At these high temperatures, decomposition can be controlled to produce useful ketene derivatives. Ketene itself is produced commercially by pyrolysis of acetone at temperatures just below 550°C (see Ketenes, ketene dil rs, and related substances). 

Because of the presence of an extended polyene chain, the chemical and physical properties of the retinoids and carotenoids are dominated by this feature. Vitamin A and related substances are yellow compounds which are unstable in the presence of oxygen and light. This decay can be accelerated by heat and trace metals. Retinol is stable to base but is subject to acid-cataly2ed dehydration in the presence of dilute acids to yield anhydrovitamin A [1224-18-8] (16). Retro-vitamin A [16729-22-9] (17) is obtained by treatment of retinol in the presence of concentrated hydrobromic acid. In the case of retinoic acid and retinal, reisomerization is possible after conversion to appropriate derivatives such as the acid chloride or the hydroquinone adduct. Table 1 Hsts the physical properties of -carotene [7235-40-7] and vitamin A. 

This is the consequence of the traditional application of CE in the process and product monitoring of rDNA-derived biopharmaceuticals in biotechnological industries. However, related proteins, and dimer and related substances of higher molecular mass of somatropin, and aprotinin are evaluated by means of HPLC and size exclusion chromatography, respectively, by the EP. 

Wierer et al. (74PHA692) and Bornschein et al. (78PHA51) recorded the mass spectra of 5-methyl-7-amino-TP, its derivatives substituted at NH2, and related substances. If there is a substituted amino group, cleavage starts there and proceeds in a pattern typical for the substituent. 

The B-group is a heterogeneous collection of water-soluble vitamins, most of which function as co-enzymes or are precursors of co-enzymes. The B-group vitamins are thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine (and related substances, vitamin B6), folate and cobalamin (and its derivatives, vitamin B12). 

T. Tsuchiya and S. Umezawa, Studies of antibiotics and related substances. XXI. The synthesis of deoxy and chlorodeoxy derivatives of kanamycin, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 38 1181 (1965). 

Nature provides us with many glycoside esters in which the acyl group is attached to the sugar portion an example is the compound vacciniin already mentioned. However, the largest group of natural acyl derivatives of sugars is to be found in the gallotannins and related substances. 

Ketene [463-51-4] - [ACETIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES - ANHYDRIDE] (Vol 1) - [PROPYLALCOHOLS - ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL] (Vol 20) - [KETENES, KETENE DITffiRS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES] (Vol 14) - [MALONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES] (Vol 15)... 

KETENES, KETENE DIMERS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES] (Vol 14) [PYRROLE AND PYRROLE DERIVATIVES] (Vol 20)... 

Different silylating agents have been utilized for the preparation of TMS derivatives of phenolic acids and related substances. Shyluk et al. [162] used the following procedure for the GC of shikimic acid and related compounds. A 2-mg amount of the acid was dissolved in 0.5 ml of dry acetone and 0.2 ml of HMDS and 0.1 ml of TMCS were added. After shaking for 30 min the mixture was allowed to stand for 10 min and 1 /al was injected into the chromatograph. SE-30, QF-1 and XE-60 were used as stationary phases. 

Propranolol and related substances can be converted into TFA derivatives [558,559], which permit concentrations down to 10 ng/ml in plasma and similar samples to be analysed with the use of an ECD. The application of pentafluoropropionic anhydride [560] leads to a reduction in the time necessary for the analysis (acylation for 1 min at 70°C) and enables higher sensitivity of the determination to be obtained. 

Figure 3. The general features of the macrostructure of petroleum-derived asphaltenes and related substances...

Reaction with enamines and related substances. Brannock el al. found that the enamines derived from acyclic aldehydes and ketones react with dimethyl acetylene-dicarboxylate to give products derived by rearrangement of cyclobutenes initially formed by 1,2-cycloaddition. Thus, N,N-dimethylisobutcnylamine (1) reacts with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in refluxing ether to give dimethyl 2-dimethylamino-methylenc-3-isopropylidencsuceinate (2) in 49 % yield. 

The Bechamp method can also be used in reducing the nitro derivatives of sulfonic acids. A typical example being the manufacture of metanilic acid and related substances [11]. 

T. Tsuchiya and S. Umezawa, Studies of antibiotics and related substances. XXI. The synthesis of deoxy and chlorodeoxy derivatives of kanamycin. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 38 1181 (1965). T, Suami, L. Hough, M. Tsuboi, T. Machinami, and N. Watanabe, Molecular mechanisms of sweet taste. V. Sucralose and its derivatives, J. Carbohydr. Chem. 73 1079 (1994). 

Lee et al. [41] developed a method for the quantitative analysis of enantiomers and regioisomers of fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and related substances, including several HETEs and prostaglandins. The method is based on pre-column derivatization to pentafluorobenzyl derivatives and subsequent LC-MS analysis in an organic mobile phase using electron-capture negative-ionization (ECNI). The method is applied to lipidomic profiling, for instance of rat epithehal cells. 

Dakin, H. D. The oxidation of hydroxy derivatives of benzaldehyde, acetophenone and related substances. Am. Chem. J. 1909,42,477-498. 

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