INDEX depression

B. MacChesney, D. W. Johnson, P.. Lemaire, L. G. Cohen, and E. M. Rabinovich, "FluorosUicate Substrate Tubes to Eliminate Leaky-Mode Losses in MCVD Single-Mode Fibers with Depressed Index Cladding," paper no. WH2 in Technica/ Digest of Optica/ Fiber Communications Conference, San Diego, Ca/if, Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1985. 

Fig. 1. The effect of the dosage of demerol on the analgesic index (reflex depression index). The subcutaneous dosage of demerol for rats is plotted on the abscissa and the reflex depression index on the ordinate. The index is given by x/ o, where to is reaction time prior to demerol and t is the altered reaction time, (Copied from J. Lee (4).)...

Foster and Carman calculated their analgesic index (actually a reflex depression index) from the relation, where U is the normal re-... 

From knowledge of the dependence of V and b on the fiber core diameter, A, and the dimensions of the depressed index cladding (if applicable), one may design a fiber whose wavelength of zero dispersion has been shifted to a desired value [3] [6]. 

Practically all lubricating oils contain at least one additive some oils contain several. The amount of additive that is used varies from < 0.01 to 30% or more. Additives can have detrimental side effects, especially if the dosage is excessive or if interactions with other additives occur. Some additives are multifimctional, eg, certain VI improvers also function as pour-point depressants or dispersants. The additives most commonly used in hydrautic fluids include pour-point depressants, viscosity index improvers, defoamers, oxidation inhibitors, mst and corrosion inhibitors, and antiwear compounds. 

R, mst inhibitor O, oxidation inhibitor D, detergent—dispersant VI, viscosity-index improver P, pour-point depressant W, antiwear EP, extreme pressure F, antifoam and M, friction modifier. 

Viscosity (Viscosity-Index) Improvers. Oils of high viscosity index (VI) can be attained by adding a few percent of ahnear polymer similar to those used for pour-point depressants. The most common are polyisobutylenes, polymethacrylates, and polyalkylstyrenes they are used in the molecular weight range of about 10,000 to 100,000 (18). A convenient measure for the viscosity-increasing efficiency of various polymers is the intrinsic viscosity Tj, as given by the function... 

Such difficulties prompted research workers to look for some other index of NT function in humans. These range from studies on platelets, such as abnormalities in their amine uptake and MAO activity in depressed patients, to changes in the secretion of a hormone known to be controlled by a particular NT. Thus if NA controls growth hormone release, and the secretion of the hormone is changed in depressed patients, does that confirm a role for NA in the mediation of depression ... 

Benzodiazepines are the evidence-based treatment of choice for uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal.17 Barbiturates are not recommended because of their low therapeutic index due to respiratory depression. Some of the anticonvulsants have also been used to treat uncomplicated withdrawal (particularly car-bamazepine and sodium valproate). Although anticonvulsants provide an alternative to benzodiazepines, they are not as well studied and are less commonly used. The most commonly employed benzodiazepines are chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam. They differ in three major ways (1) their pharmacokinetic properties, (2) the available routes for their administration, and (3) the rapidity of their onset of action due to the rate of gastrointestinal absorption and rate of crossing the blood-brain barrier. 

The year chosen as a base is one that is close to normal. War years and periods of inflation or depression are avoided. The Marshall and Swift Index uses 1926 as a base. The Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index uses an average of 1957-1959, and the Construction Cost Index uses 1913. 

Depress the button on the side of the refractometer to read the refractive index from the scale. 

Many CNS depressants have some liability for dependence. This is typically greater with barbiturates, but lesser with benzodiazepines, and perhaps nonexistent in many antiseizure medications. CNS depressants produce tolerance when administered chronically, where increasingly larger doses are required to sustain the same level of effect. Further, a cross-tolerance often develops, where the tolerance is generalized to other CNS depressants. For example, a person with an ethanol tolerance will also display some tolerance to barbiturates. The therapeutic index tends to decrease as tolerance increases, so that the difference between an effective and toxic dose diminishes. Thus, tolerance to CNS depressants is accompanied by a smaller safety margin. 

The depressing property of the organic depressant mainly depends on its structure. Some quantitative criteria have been used to determine the depressing ability of the organic depressants (Wang, 1982, 1997). The characteristic index of an organic depressant is defined as follows ... 

Lithium is used in the prophylaxis and treatment of mania and in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. Lithium should be stopped 24 hours before major surgery but the normal dose can be continued for minor surgery, with careful monitoring of fluids and electrolytes. After major surgery, renal function is reduced and this may compromise clearance of lithium. Lithium is a drug with a narrow therapeutic index and it should be avoided if possible in patients with renal impairment. Renal function should be tested before initiating treatment. If lithium is given to patients with renal impairment, a reduced dose should be used and serum lithium concentrations should be monitored closely. 

Since GABA-ergic synapses are confined to neural tissues, specific inhibition of central nervous functions can be achieved for instance, there is little change in blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. The therapeutic index of benzodiazepines, calculated with reference to the toxic dose producing respiratory depression, is greater than 100 and thus exceeds that of barbiturates and other sedative-hypnotics by more than tenfold. Benzodiazepine intoxication can be treated with a specific antidote (see below). 

Lithium was first used to treat manic-depressive illness in 1949, but was not used in the United States until 1970 due to concerns for its toxicity. When used as a therapeutic agent, lithium blood levels must be kept within a very narrow range (i.e., a narrow therapeutic index). Lithium appears to be non-essential, but it is readily absorbed by the intestine and is found in plants and meat. Normal daily intake is about 2 mg. Lithium is used in some manufacturing processes, as a lubricant, and as an alloy. 

Tricyclic antidepressants are cardiotoxic, inducing tachycardias and an increased tendency for ventricular arrhythmias with high doses. This dose dependent cardiotoxicity gives these agents a low therapeutic index. Overdoses are characterized by cardiac conduction disturbances, hyperpyrexia, hypertension, confusion, hallucinations, seizures and coma and there is a high mortality rate in suicide attempts. Depressed patients should therefore not be given more than one week supply of these drugs. 

In contrast with lithium, valproate has been associated with a good antimanic response in patients with concurrent depressive symptoms or syndromes. Calabrese and colleagues [Calabrese and Delucchi 1990 Calabrese et al. 1992, 1993a, 1993b] have reported favorable responses in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder with index episodes of either mixed or pure mania who received open-label valproate alone or in combination with other psychotropic medication. For those patients who received valproate alone, 18 [95%] of 19 patients with pure mania had a moderate or better response, and 8 [80%] of 10 with mixed mania did similarly. T. W. Freeman et al. [1992] reported on 14 patients treated with valproate in a double-blind trial with lithium carbonate and found that patients responding to valproate had signifi-... 

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