Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments

Billig, H., I. Furuta and A.J.W. Hsueh. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone directly induces apoptotic cell death in the rat ovary biochemical and in situ detection of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in granulosa cells. Endocrinology 134 245-252, 1994. 

Williamson R (1970) Properties of rapidly labelled deoxyribonucleic acid fragments isolated from the cytoplasm of primary cultures of embryonic mouse liver cells. J Mol Biol 51 157-168... 

Pecou S, Moinard N, Walschaerts M, Pasquier C, Daudin M, Bujan L. Ribavirin and pegylated interferon treatment for hepatitis C was associated not only with semen alterations but also with sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in humans. Fertil Steril 2009 91(3) 933. el7-22. 

Nucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)) probes utilize labeled, ie, radioactive, enzymatic, or fluorescent, fragments of DNA or RNA (the probe) to detect complimentary DNA or RNA sequences in a sample. Because the probe is tailored for one specific nucleic acid, these assays are highly specific and very sensitive (45). 

The effects of US on surviving cells may include structural changes and interactions with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [83]. The biological effects observed in vitro include fragmentation of cell membranes caused by the collapse of cavitation bubbles, microstreaming near the boundary layer and formation of radicals, which promote chemical reactions leading to wall decomposition [84]. Carstensen et al. [85] found the extent of cell disruption to be inversely proportional to the cell concentration. 

There is currently much interest in field desorption (FD) which describes the process of field ionization from the adsorbed state with desorption as an ion. Field desorption takes place at lower temperatures than are normally required for evaporation of a molecule and since there is also only a low energy transfer in the ionization process itself, molecular ions of high intensity are formed. A number of underivatised polar compounds of low volatility have been investigated without thermal decomposition these include nucleosides and nucleotides [132], pesticides [133] and glycosides [134]. The method has also been extended by combining pyrolysis with FD to distinguish the five bases and some of the nucleotide fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid [135]. 

If the test is for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), what method would be used to amplify the fragments of DNA sampled ... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (tobacco thioredoxin h2 gene plus 5 - and 3 -flanking region fragment) 452, 950b, 4249 ... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid Nicotiana tabacum clone Ubi.U4 gene Ubi.U4 polyubiquitin plus 5 and 3 flanking region fragment) 950b, 2969a, 4249... 

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