Deoxyribonucleic acid components

Section 28 7 Nucleic acids are polynucleotides present m cells The carbohydrate component is D nbose m ribonucleic acid (RNA) and 2 deoxy d ribose m deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)... 

Benzylamine Purine. The purine 6-benzylaminopurine [1214-39-7] (13) is an analogue of the natural product adenine, a component of both deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid. It is not employed alone, but rather in combination with the natural products GA and GA to improve the size, weight, and thereby, yield per hm of Red DeHcious apples (10,24,25). Compounds with cytokinin activity were reported in 1913 (26) and asymmetric growth in apples was pubHshed in 1968 (27). 

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. If the excitation wavelength is chosen to correspond to an absorption maximum of the species being studied, a 10 —10 enhancement of the Raman scatter of the chromophore is observed. This effect is called resonance enhancement or resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. There are several mechanisms to explain this phenomenon, the most common of which is Franck-Condon enhancement. In this case, a band intensity is enhanced if some component of the vibrational motion is along one of the directions in which the molecule expands in the electronic excited state. The intensity is roughly proportional to the distortion of the molecule along this axis. RR spectroscopy has been an important biochemical tool, and it may have industrial uses in some areas of pigment chemistry. Two biological appHcations include the deterrnination of helix transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (18), and the elucidation of several peptide stmctures (19). A review of topics in this area has been pubHshed (20). 

Nucleic Acids. Phosphoms is an essential component of nucleic acids, polymers consisting of chains of nucleosides, a sugar plus a nitrogenous base, and joined by phosphate groups (43,44). In ribonucleic acid (RNA), the sugar is D-ribose in deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), the sugar is 2-deoxy-D-ribose. 

As is well-known, nucleic acids consist of a polymeric chain of monotonously reiterating molecules of phosphoric acid and a sugar. In ribonucleic acid, the sugar component is represented by n-ribose, in deoxyribonucleic acid by D-2-deoxyribose. To this chain pyrimidine and purine derivatives are bound at the sugar moieties, these derivatives being conventionally, even if inaccurately, termed as pyrimidine and purine bases. The bases in question are uracil (in ribonucleic acids) or thymine (in deoxyribonucleic acids), cytosine, adenine, guanine, in some cases 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcyto-sine. In addition to these, a number of the so-called odd bases occurring in small amounts in some ribonucleic acid fractions have been isolated. 

Although pyridines and quinolines were first produced during the carbonization of coal, they are now available by synthesis in quantities that far exceed those by the former. Phosphorylated ribosides of hydroxylated and aminated pyrimidines and purines make up the basic structure of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. The polycyclic oxaarenes are plant metabolites, while thiaarenes are primarily important components of high-sulfur petroleum that must be removed. 

The nucleus contains bundles of a fibrous material known as chromatin, which is made up of mixed proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the substance that carries the genetic information of the living organism of which the cell is a component. All cells replicate by division. When a cell replicates, DNA in the chromatin of the nucleus passes the genetic information from one generation to the next one. As the cell divides, the chromatin clusters into rodlike structures known as chromo-... 

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which carry embedded in their complex molecules the genetic information that characterizes every organism, are found in virtually all living cells. Their molecules are very large and complex biopolymers made up basically of monomeric units known as nucleotides. Thus DNA and RNA are said to be polynucleotides. The nucleotides are made up of three bonded (linked) components a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups ... 

For various reasons, the generalizations mentioned above must be regarded as strictly provisional. Analyses utilizing formic acid indicate the presence of more than one phosphorus atom per purine or pyrimidine residue. This discrepancy, it is pointed out, could equally well result from an apparent deficiency of bases, due to error in the analytical technique.160 It is also necessary to consider that some nucleic acids are now known to contain more bases than was previously realized. Thus, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-cytosine is present in various viruses,181-182 and 5-methylcytosine occurs in various animal and plant deoxyribonucleic acids but is absent from those of microbial origin.17-160-1M- 184- 186 Certain microbial deoxyribonucleic acids also contain 6-methylaminopurine.186a Various bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acids have been found to contain a component which is believed to consist of a D-glucoside186b of 5 -(hydroxymethyl)cytidylic acid. 

Figure 9.12 Deoxy derivatives. These contain one less oxygen atom than the monosaccharide from which they are derived. 2-Deoxyribose is a most important deoxy pentose and is a major constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Deoxy hexoses are widely distributed among plants, animals and microorganisms especially as components of complex polysaccharides. Examples are rhamnose (6-deoxymannose), a component of bacterial cell walls, and fucose (6-deoxygalactose), which is often found in glycoproteins and is an important constituent of human blood group substances.

The neuron contains severai speciaiized components, caiied organeiies, which are anaiogous to the organs of a body. The nucleus is approximateiy 3-18 pm in diameter and contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The nuciear membrane has pores to aiiow passage of substances in and out of the nucieus. The nucieus aiso has a body within caiied the nucieoius, which manufactures ribosomes and contains ribonucieic acid (RNA), a coating of DNA, and severai enzymes. 

Olson MO, Rivers ZM, Thompson BA, Kao WY, Case ST (1983) Interaction of nucleolar phosphoprotein C23 with cloned segments of rat ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochemistry 22 3345—3351 Olson MO, Thompson BA (1983) Distribution of proteins among chromatin components of nucleoli. Biochemistry 22 3187-3193... 

Three major components in the transmission of genetic information are deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA), ribonucleic acids (RNA), and proteins. The genetic code expressed through DNA ultimately determines which proteins a cell will produce. Coiled and supercoiled DNA molecules contain numerous sequences of nucleotides that may be transcribed as RNAs and translated to many different proteins. DNA molecules also contain long sequences of nucleotides not coding for protein and whose purpose is not completely understood. A gene is a specific sequence of DNA that encodes a sequence of messenger... 

The nucleic acids play a central role in the storage and expression of genetic information (see p. 236). They are divided into two major classes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) functions solely in information storage, while ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are involved in most steps of gene expression and protein biosynthesis. All nucleic acids are made up from nucleotide components, which in turn consist of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate residue. DNA and RNA differ from one another in the type of the sugar and in one of the bases that they contain. 

Polynucleotides consisting of ribonucleotide components are called ribonucleic acid (RNA), while those consisting of deoxyribonu-cleotide monomers are called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA see p. 84). To describe the structure of polynucleotides, the abbreviations for the nucleoside components are written from left to right in the 5 - 3 direction. The position of the phosphate residue is also sometimes indicated by a p . In this way, the structure of the RNA segment shown Fig. 2 can be abbreviated as. .pUpG.. or simply as... 

In 1928, Gates1 pointed out the similarity between the action spectrum for the lethal effect of ultraviolet light on bacteria and the absorption spectrum of deoxyribonucleic acid, the principal component of the... 

What s DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, the helical ladderlike chain of molecules that makes up genes. DNA consists of a sugar molecule called deoxyribose (it is somewhat related to glucose), a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base, and phosphate atoms bonded to the other two components. It is the sequence of base pairs (one base on each strand) in DNA that determines the end-product (e.g., protein). The human genome— the entire DNA content of a human being—contains approximately 3 billion base pairs. 

FIGURE 7-1 Representative monosaccharides, (a) Two trioses, an aldose and a ketose. The carbonyl group in each is shaded, (b) Two common hexoses. (c) The pentose components of nucleic acids. D-Ribose is a component of ribonucleic acid (RNA), and 2-deoxy-o-ribose is a component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). 

Nucleotides have a variety of roles in cellular metabolism. They are the energy currency in metabolic transactions, the essential chemical links in the response of cells to hormones and other extracellular stimuli, and the structural components of an array of enzyme cofactors and metabolic intermediates. And, last but certainly not least, they are the constituents of nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (ENA), the molecular repositories of genetic information. The structure of every protein, and ultimately of every biomolecule and cellular component, is a product of information programmed into the nucleotide sequence of a cell s nucleic acids. The ability to store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next is a fundamental condition for life. 

A typical molecular analysis of various micro-organisms is shown in Table 5.9U ) Most of the elemental composition of cells is found in three basic types of materials—proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. In Table 5.10, the molecular composi-tion of a bacterium is shown in more detail. Water is the major component of the cell and accounts for 80-90 per cent of the total weight, whilst proteins form the next most abundant group of materials and these have both structural and functional properties. Most of the protein present will be in the form of enzymes. Nucleic acids are found in various forms—ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Their primary function is the storage, transmission and... 

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