Dementia cognitive impairment

Despite the plethora of causal insults and molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodegeneration in CNS proteopathies, the resultant symptoms are commonly manifested (with different severity depending on each disease) as disturbances in motor control, dementia, cognitive impairment, depression, and sleep disturbances. This last section briefly summarizes the data that support a therapeutically beneficial role for HD AC inhibition on these different disease domains. ... 

Ginkgo biloba L. Ginkgo Leaves Dementia, cognitive impairment, mental fatigue Tetpene trilactones (ginkgolides), flavonol glycosides... 

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is considered the second most common cause of dementia after AD. The disorder is characterized by progressive fluctuating cognitive impairment, visual hallucinations and motor features of Parkinsonism. Neocoitical cholinergic activity is more severely depleted in DLB than in AD, and DLB also affects the caudate nucleus, the thalamus and the brain stem. Tolerability of ChEI in DLB appears similar to AD, with some gastrointestinal effects and muscle cramps. 

Birks J, Grimley Evans J and Van Dongen M (2003). Ginkgo Biloba for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (The Cochrane Library No. 1). Update Software, Oxford, UK. 

Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K and Rockwood K (2001). Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons. Archives of Neurology, 58, 498-504. 

The clinical syndrome, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia, reflects cellular abnormalities in specific regions of the brain/circuits. The... 

Controlled clinical investigations with careful titration of doses in normal subjects demonstrate that ketamine produces negative symptoms, such as withdrawal and the subtle cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia [25]. As is the case for schizophrenia, these symptoms occur without clouding of consciousness or frank dementia. Positive symptoms with auditory hallucinations and fully... 

The WHI study found that postmenopausal women 65 years or older taking estrogen plus progestogen therapy had twice the rate of dementia, including Alzheimer s disease. Combined therapy also did not prevent mild cognitive impairment. 

Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L, Rapp SR, Thai L, Lane DS, et al. (2004) Conjugated equibe estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women. Women s Health Initiative Memory Study. J Am Med Assoc 291 2947-2958... 

Keywords Cognitive impairment Delirium Dementia Depression Anxiety Psychotic disease Neuro-psychiatric disorders... 

Dementia is a major risk factor for delirium. Many illnesses may increase the risk of delirium. Infections, cardiac, metabolic and of course diseases in the central nervous system may all make elderly more vulnerable to delirium. Vision impairment and functional impairment are also well-known risk factors as well as premorbid cognitive impairment (Korevaar et al. 2005, Inouye et al. 2007). 

Since that time, we ve found that some causes of dementia can be treated. In addition, other treatable conditions as noted earlier cause cognitive impairment that resembles dementia (pseudodementia). Treatment aimed at dementia reversal depends on a careful assessment to identify those patients who have these potentially reversible conditions. 

Unless the TBI has caused severe cognitive impairment (i.e., dementia), most patients after TBI can provide an accurate and insightful description of their physical and cognitive impairment. However, they often have less insight into the nature and severity of many of the common psychiatric symptoms that follow TBI. For this reason, the initial assessment should also include an interview with the patient s family members and friends, if they are available. Interviews with other health care providers (e.g., doctors, nurses, physical and occupation therapists) can also be extremely helpful. 

Birks J, Grimley Evans J. (2007) Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 CD003120. 

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