Deltamethrin

Anthrahydroquinones have been patented in Japan as bird repeUents (73), and anthraquinone [84-65-1] (qv) is used widely in Europe as a spray to protect growing crops and as a wood dressing. The synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin [52918-63-5] (27) was evaluated (74), as were other materials, including bendiocarb (20) (75) and 20,25-dia2ocholesterol dihydrochloride [1249-84-9] (Omitrol) (28), a steroid that inhibits embryo development when adsorbed or ingested as a seed treatment of bait com (55,76). 

The specialities of chromatographic behaviour of cypermethrin, permethrin, X-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and fenvalerate were investigated in this work. Gas chromatographic determination was cai ry out with use of packed column with stationai y phase of different polarity (OV-101, OV-210 OV-17) and capillary and polycapillary columns with non-polai ic stationary phase. Chromatographic peak identification was realized with attraction GC-MS method. 

Observing the amount and variety of pesticides analyzed by GC chromatography we decided to observe 14 of the most represented pesticides Prometryn, Deltamethrin, Fenitrothion, Tebuconazole, Buprofezin, Malathion, Myclobutanyl, Atrazine, Acetochlor, Bifenthrin, Alachlor, Pendimethalin, Dichlonuid and Trifluralin. 

Gas ehromatography mass-mass aequisition was used for the pyrethroid determination. Pyrethroids investigated were Allethrin, Prallethrin, Tetramethrin, Bifenthrin, Phenothrin, X-Cyhalothrin, Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Cypermethrin, Flueythrinate, Fsfenvalerate, Fluvalinate and Deltamethrin. Piperonyl butoxide, main synergist eompound for pyrethroid eompounds, was also studied. 

The structures of some pyrethroid insecticides are shown in Figure 12.1. They are all lipophilic esters showing some structural resemblance to the natural pyrethrins. They can all exist in a number of different enantiomeric forms. Permethrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, for example, all have three asymmetric carbon atoms... 

Environmental Health Criteria 82 [Cypermethrin], 94 [Permethrin], 95 [Fenvalerate], 97 [Deltamethrin], and 142 [Alphacypermethrin] are all valuable sources of information on the environmental toxicology of pyrethroids. 

Meled, M., Thrasyvoulou, A., and Belzunces, L.P. (1998). Seasonal variation in susceptibility of Apis mellifera to the synergistic action of prochloraz and deltamethrin. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 17, 2517-2520. 

Gonzalez-Murua, C., A. Munoz-Rueda, F. Hernando, and M. Sanchez-Diaz. 1985. Effect of atrazine and methabenzthiazuron on oxygen evolution and cell growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Weed Res. 25 61-66. Gorge, G. and R. Nagel. 1990. Toxicity of lindane, atrazine, and deltamethrin to early life stages of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 20 246-255. 

In general, these authorities agree that pyrethroids containing both a halogenated acid esterified with the a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol — such as fenvalerate, deltamethrin, and cyper-... 

Marei, A.E.M., L.O. Ruzo, and J.E. Casida. 1982. Analysis and persistence of permethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate in the fat and brain of treated rats. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 30 558-562. 

Muir, D.C.G., G.R Rawn, B.E. Townsend, W.L. Lockhart, and R. Greenhalgh. 1985. Bioconcentration of cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin by Chironomus teutons larvae in sediment and water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4 51-61. 

Saleh, M.A., N.A. Ibrahim, N.Z. Soliman, and M.K.E. Sheimy. 1986. Persistence and distribution of cyper-methrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate in laying chickens. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 34 895-898. 

Taylor, K.S., G.D. Waller, and L.A. Crowder. 1987. Impairment of a classical conditioned response of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) by sublethal doses of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Apidologie 18 243-252. Theophilidis, G., M. Benaki, and E. Papadopoulu-Mourkidou. 1997. Neurotoxic action of six pyrethroid insecticides on the isolated sciatic nerve of a frog (Rana ridibunda). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 118C 97-103. Tippe, A. 1987. Evidence for different mechanisms of action of the three pyrethroids, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and fenvalerate, on the excitation threshold of myelinated nerve. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 28 67-74. 

Froese, J.M., Effects of Dietary Deltamethrin Exposure on the Immune System of Adult Tiger Salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum, M. Sc. Thesis, University of Saskatechewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 2002. 

A main consideration in modeling the pyrethroid receptor on insect sodium channels in the open state was the determination that channel modification by cypermethrin and deltamethrin of cloned insect sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes occurred only following repeated depolarizations [33, 55]. This use-dependency of some pyrethroids was the basis for the widely held opinion that these pyrethroids bind preferentially to open sodium channels and that state-dependent modification of sodium channels by pyrethroids was an important consideration for any receptor modeling. 

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