Delta glutamate receptor

Bergersen, L., Waerhaug, O., Helm, J. et al. A novel postsyn-aptic density protein the monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 is co-localized with delta-glutamate receptors in postsynaptic densities of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses. Exp. Brain Res. 136 523-34,2001. 

Luginger E, Wenning GK, BOsch S, Poewe W (2000) Beneficial effects of amantadine on L-dopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson s disease. Mov Disord 15 873-878 Ly CD, Roche KW, Lee HK, Wenthold RJ (2002) Identification of rat EMAP, a delta-glutamate receptor binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 291 85-90 Madden DR (2002) The structure and function of glutamate receptor ion channels. Nat Rev Neurosci 3 91-101... 

Zhao H-M, Wenthold RJ, Wang Y-X, Petralia RS (1997) Delta glutamate receptors are differentially distributed at parallel and climbing fiber synapses on Purkinje cells. J Neurochem 68 1041-1052. 

Olney JW, Farber NB. 1995. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 998-1007. Onali P, Olianas MC. 2007. N-desmethylclozapine, a major clozapine metabolite, acts as a selective and efficacious delta-opioid agonist at recombinant and native receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 773-785. 

Hirano T, Kasono K, Araki K, Mishina M (1995) Suppression of LTD in cultured Purkinje cells deficient in the glutamate receptor delta 2 subunit. NeuroReporl 6 524-526. 

Mayat E, Petralia RS, Wang YX, Wenthold RJ (1995) Immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and immunocyto-chemistry studies suggest that glutamate receptor delta subunits form novel postsynaptic receptor complexes. J Neurosci 75 2533-2546. 

Fig. 6. Summary histogram of development of glutamate receptors at parallel [postnatal day 10 (PI0) to adult] and climbing (P2 to adult) fiber synapses on Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Note especially the peak in immunogold labeling of the delta receptors at PI0-PI4 in climbing fiber synapses (cO, the peaks of the AMPA receptors (GluR2, GluR2/3 antibodies) at P2-P5, and the inverse patterns of peaks for parallel fiber synapses (pf) and climbing fiber synapses in adults for AMPA versus delta receptors. Modified from Zhao et al. (1998).

Hair cells have also been shown to express high levels of the delta 1 glutamate receptor (Safieddine and Wenthold, 1997). This receptor was restricted to the inner hair cells in the organ of Corti but occurred in both types of hair cell in the vestibular epithelium. Evidence was also obtained of delta 1 expression in spiral as well as vestibular ganglion cells (Safieddine and Wenthold, 1997). The functional role of the deltal receptor is still unclear. 

Ichikawa R, Miyazaki T, Kano M et al (2002) Distal extension of climbing fiber territory and multiple innervation caused by aberrant wiring to adjacent spiny branchlets in cerebellar Purkinje cells lacking glutamate receptor delta 2. J Neurosci 22 8487-8503... 

Figure 21.5 Mechanisms of opioid analgesia at the spinal level. Action potentials in nociceptive afferent fibres invade the terminal and by opening calcium channels (L, N and P-type) cause the release of glutamate and peptides that further transmit pain subsequent to activation of their postsynaptic receptors. Presynaptic opioid receptor activation (mu- and delta-mediated effects have been most clearly shown) opens potassium channels which hyperpolarise the terminal, so reducing transmitter release and inhibiting the postsynaptic neuron...

Opioid-induced analgesia is produced through the action of opioid receptors on presynaptic terminals of the C-fibers and A-delta fibers. These fibers, which transmit nociceptive messages, are inhibited by the indirect effects of opioids, which in turn reduce the release of neurotransmitters such as substance P, CGRP, and glutamate. This effect occurs in the peripheral nervous system as well as at the primary afferent terminals in the spinal cord. 

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