Degrees of freedom, in design

There are three degrees of freedom in designing-out these problems for tube and shell exchangers ... 

We have demonstrated the feasibility of miniaturized MS assays by converting the cathepsin B assay described in Section 5.2.2 to a chip format, using the same substrate and products for the MS-based readout [27]. The assay set-up is identical to the format described in Fig. 5.1. The advantages of chips as micro reactors over fused silica capillaries are in their compactness, strength, greater degrees of freedom in design and material, and the presence of hair-pin curves to increase the diffusion rate. 

Parallel paths in design problems arise from the existence of the degrees of freedom in design variables and redundant equations. Steward (l965) and Himmelblau (1967) studied the assignment of admissible output sets for systems of algebraic equations which contained no design... 

Processing and quality control are usually the final considerations in the design of an adhesive-bonding system. These decisions are very important, however, because they alone may (1) restrict the degrees of freedom in designing the end product, (2) determine the types and number of adhesives that can be considered, (3) affect the quahty and reproduc-ibihty of the joint, and (4) affect the total assembly cost. 

The three principal degrees of freedom in the design of stand-alone evaporators are... 

Also like distillation, the thermal profile of evaporators can be manipulated by changing the pressure. However, the degrees of freedom in evaporator design open up more options. 

Given a network structure, it is possible to identify loops and paths for it, as discussed in Chap. 7. Within the context of optimization, it is only necessary to consider those paths which connect two different utilities. This could be a path from steam to cooling water or a path from high-pressure steam used as a hot utility to low-pressure steam also used as a hot utility. These paths between two different utilities will be designated utility paths. Loops and utility paths both provide degrees of freedom in the optimization. ... 

The idea of degrees of freedom in the design process can be further illustrated by considering a simple process unit, a flash distillation. (For a description of flash distillation see Volume 2, Chapter 11). 

A mathematical model represents the design as a set of equations (relationships) and, as was shown in Section 1.9.1, it will only be possible to optimise the design if the number of variables exceeds the number of relationships there is some degree of freedom in the system. 

The methods and procedures for blast resistant design can vary considerably in complexity, accuracy, cost and efficiency from simple conventional static design approach to complex transient nonlinear, multi-degree of freedom dynamic design methods. To assist designers in striking a balance amongst these, Chapter 6 provides... 

In conclusion it can be said that the limits of macropore array formation are in some way complementary to the limitations of plasma etching [Ja3]. The latter technique gives a higher degree of freedom in lateral design, while the freedom in vertical design and the feasible pore aspect ratios are limited. 

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