Degradation bacteriological

The concentration of many pesticide compounds in soils is substantially reduced by degradation processes before they can be leached. Half-lives are normally quoted for each compound in a fertile clayey-loam soil and are normally less than one year and, nowadays, in many cases less than one month. Degradation may be by chemical hydrolysis in the case of some compounds and by bacteriological oxidation in the case of many others. However, certain compounds are either relatively resistant to such degradation or the derivatives of partial hydrolysis/oxidation may be equally toxic as the original compounds. 

The sulfonamides are degraded in the liver by acetylation and oxidation metabolites have reduced bacteriological activity. The parent compound and the metabolites are excreted in the urine, primarily by glomerular filtration followed by tubular reabsorption. Some sulfonamides exhibit diurnal variations in excretion, being three times greater at night than during the day. 

Yano, K. Nishi, T. (1980). pKJl, a naturally occurring conjugative plasmid coding for toluene degradation and resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides. Journal of Bacteriology, 143, 552—60. 

Asturias, J. A. Timmis, K. N. (1993). Three different 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl-l, 2-dioxygenase genes in the gram-positive polychlorobiphenyl-degrading bacterium Rhodococcus globerulus PG. Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 4631—40. 

Furukawa, K. Arimura, N. (1987). Purification and properties of 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase from polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying the cloned bphC gene. Journal of Bacteriology, 169, 924-7. 

Furukawa, K. Miyazaki, T. (1986). Cloning of a gene cluster encoding biphenyl and chlorobiphenyl degradation in Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes. Journal of Bacteriology, 166, 392-8. 

Hayase, N., Taira, K. Furukawa, K. (1990). Pseudomonas putida KF715 bphABCD operon encoding biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyl degradation Cloning, analysis, and expression in soil bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 1160-4. 

Kaschabek, S. R. Reineke, W. (1993). Degradation of chloroaromatics purification and characterization of meleylacetate reductase from Pseudomonas sp. strain B13- Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 6075-81. 

Kikuchi, Y., Yasukochi, Y., Nagata, Y., Fukuda, M. Takagi, M. (1994). Nucleotide sequence and functional analysis of the meta-cleavage pathway involved in biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyl degradation in Pseudomonas sp. strain KKS102. Journal of Bacteriology, 176, 4269-76. 

Kohler-Staub, D. Kohler, H-P. E. (1989). Microbial degradation of / -chlorinated four-carbon aliphatic acids. Journal of Bacteriology, 171, 1428-34. 

Yates, J. R. Mondello, F. J. (1989)- Sequence similarities in the genes encoding polychlorinated biphenyl degradation by Pseudomonas strain LB400 and Alcaligenes eutrophus H850. Journal of Bacteriology, 171, 1733-5. 

Valli, K. Gold, M. H. (1991). Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Journal of Bacteriology, 173, 345-52. 

Chaudry, R. G. Huang, G. H. (1988). Isolation and characterization of a new plasmid from a Flavobacterium sp. which carries the genes for the degradation of 2,4-dich-lorophenoxyacetate. Journal of Bacteriology, 170, 3897-902. 

Furukawa, K., Hirose, J., Hayashida, S. Nakamura, K. (1994). Efficient degradation of trichloroethylene by a hybrid aromatic ring dioxygenase. Journal of Bacteriology, 176, 2121-3. 

Valli K, Wariishi H, Gold MH. 1992. Degradation of 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by the lignin-degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Journal of Bacteriology 174(7) 2131-2137. 

Horvath, R.S. 1972. Microbial co-metabolism and the degradation of organic compounds in Nature. Bacteriological Reviews, 36 146-55. 

Metcalf, W.W. and Wanner, B.L. (1993) Mutational analysis of an Escherichia coli fourteen-gene operon for phosphonate degradation using JnphoA elements, yourna/of Bacteriology I 75, 3430-3442. 

Bacterial flora of shellfish might play a role in their ability to inactivate, eliminate, or transform toxins. In this context, some bacterial isolates from bivalve guts were able to reduce toxicity or degradation of some PSP toxins [16] and ASP toxins [17]. However, these bacteriological methods should take... 

It is more resistant to shear, heat, bacterial, enzyme, and UV degradation than most gums Prolonged heating degrades viscosity. Bacteriological stability can be improved by the addition of mixture of 0.15% methyl paraben or 0.1% benzoic acid Stable in solution over a pH range of 1.0-10.5... 

Some stabilizers are aimed at very specific uses such as antistatic agents (eliminating static electricity) and stabilizers active against bacteriological attack. Currently there are also additives for controled degradation of the polymer after the product has been used. 

It has been shown that the ease of bacteriological degradation of the alkyl benzene sulfonate detergents is inversely proportional to the number of carbon atoms between the benzene ring and the end of the alkyl chain hence, the more highly branched the alkyl group the greater the resistance... 

Gilad, R., Rabinovich, L., Yaron, S., Bayer, E.A., Lamed, R., Gilbert, H.J., Shoham, Y., 2003. Cell, a nonceUulosomal family 9 enzyme from Clostridium thermocellum, is a processive endoglucanase that degrades crystalline cellulose. Journal of Bacteriology 185, 391—398. 

One of the first studies of the effects of biodegradation on hydrocarbons was made by Jobson et al. (49). Bacteriological degradation proceeded rapidly under controlled conditions. After 21 days, essentially all of the n-alkanes were metabolized, leaving behind unaltered iso- and cyclic alkanes and aromatics in the extractable fraction (Figure 13.10). 

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