Deformability of ions

We can draw conclusions regarding deformation of ions from observations of the diamagnetic susceptibility just as from those of the mole refraction. Thus in the series C03 , N03 and PO, SO4" the experimental values of / show successively greater deviations from the theoretical ones (assuming undeformed 0= ions) with increasing electrical charge of the central ion. ... 

A damped oscillating charge distribution of the interfacial structure was also obtained by Sotnikov and Esin/ assuming a Boltzmann distribution of ion vacancies in the interface cf. the case of dilute solutions of ions in water. Additionally, they introduced a polarizability factor to account for the deformation of ion charge under the influence of the electric field within the multilayer. Their revised formula for the interfacial capacitance gave... 

Fajans K (1928) Deformation of ions and molecules on the basis of refractometric data. Z Elektrochem 34 502-518... 

Bom M, Heisenberg W (1924) The influence of the deformability of ions on optical and chemical constants. Z Phys 23 388-410... 

As an indication of the changes in deformation modes that can be produced in ionomers by increase of ion content, consider poly(styrene-co-sodium methacrylate). In ionomers of low ion content, the only observed deformation mode in strained thin films cast from tetra hydrofuran (THF), a nonpolar solvent, is localized crazing. But for ion contents near to or above the critical value of about 6 mol%, both crazing and shear deformation bands have been observed. This is demonstrated in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) scan of Fig. 3 for an ionomer of 8.2 mol% ion content. Somewhat similar deformation patterns have also been observed in a Na-SPS ionomer having an ion content of 7.5 mol%. Clearly, in both of these ionomers, the presence of a... 

The volumes of activation for some additions of anionic nucleophiles to arenediazonium ions were determined by Isaacs et al. (1987) and are listed in Table 6-1. All but one are negative, although one expects — and knows from various other reactions between cations and anions — that ion combination reactions should have positive volumes of activation by reason of solvent relaxation as charges become neutralized. The authors present various interpretations, one of which seems to be plausible, namely that a C — N—N bond-bending deformation of the diazonium ion occurs before the transition state of the addition is reached (Scheme 6-2). This bondbending is expected to bring about a decrease in resonance interaction in the arenediazonium ion and hence a charge concentration on Np and an increase in solvation. 

Since every atom extends to an unlimited distance, it is evident that no single characteristic size can be assigned to it. Instead, the apparent atomic radius will depend upon the physical property concerned, and will differ for different properties. In this paper we shall derive a set of ionic radii for use in crystals composed of ions which exert only a small deforming force on each other. The application of these radii in the interpretation of the observed crystal structures will be shown, and an at- Fig. 1.—The eigenfunction J mo, the electron den-tempt made to account for sity p = 100, and the electron distribution function the formation and stability D = for the lowest state of the hydr°sen of the various structures. 

The large effect of deformation of the hydride ion, whose mole refraction6 (deformability) is 25, is shown by the contraction in lithium hydride. 

Other Binary Compounds.—Scandium nitride and zirconium and titanium carbide do not conform with the theoretical radii. It is possible that these crystals do not consist essentially of Sc+3, N 3, Ti+4, Zr+4 and C-4 ions, especially since zirconium and titanium nitride, ZrN and TiN, also form crystals with the sodium chloride structure but possibly also the discrepancy can be attributed to deformation of the anions, which have very high mole refraction values. 

Grahame introdnced the idea that electrostatic and chemical adsorption of ions are different in character. In the former, the adsorption forces are weak, and the ions are not deformed dnring adsorption and continne to participate in thermal motion. Their distance of closest approach to the electrode surface is called the outer Helmholtz plane (coordinate x, potential /2, charge of the diffuse EDL part When the more intense (and localized) chemical forces are operative, the ions are deformed, undergo partial dehydration, and lose mobility. The centers of the specifically adsorbed ions constituting the charge are at the inner Helmholtz plane with the potential /i and coordinate JCj < Xj. 

The entry into the first mitotic M phase at the end of the first embryonic cell cycle requires activation of MPF. In the mouse one-cell embryo this activation is fully autonomous from the nucleus (Ciemerych 1995, Ciemerych et al 1998). It proceeds within the cytoplasts obtained either by enucleation or by bisection of the embryo. Other autonomous phenomena are the cortical activity, or the deformation of the one-cell embryo, directly preceding the entry into first mitosis (Waksmundzka et al 1984) and the cyclic activity of K+ ion channels (Day et al 1998). The role of the cortical activity remains unknown however, the fact that it directly precedes the entry into the first mitotic M phase suggests that it could be linked to the activation... 

Shiga and Kurauchi have explained that the swelling deformation of a PAANa gel is qualitatively induced by a change in the osmotic pressure based upon a difference in mobile ion concentrations between the inside and the outside of a gel [13]. A change in the osmotic pressure under an electric field has been calculated as follows. 

Shiga and Kurauchi have predicted that the swelling deformation of a gel in an electric field is caused by an increase in Flory s osmotic pressure. In order to prove this mechanism, the change in the osmotic pressure under an electric field has been calculated using a simple model for ion transport. The gel and the surrounding solution have been divided into four phases, the A phase (solution at the anode), B phase (gel at the anode), C phase (gel at the cathode), and D phase (solution at the cathode). A mobile cation in a dc field moves toward the... 

Consider the case of the swelling deformation of a PAANa gel (7 mm thick x 70 mm length) in an NaOH solution under a dc electric field of 10 V/cm. In this system, the mobile ions are Na+, H+, and OH. As mentioned above, the 7 mm-thick gel bends semicircularly in 80 s at 10 V/cm. Assuming that it is given by multiplying the mobility of Na+ in water by the intensity of the applied field, the drift velocity of Na+ under 10 V/cm is estimated as follows. 

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