Decentralize Manufacturing

LNP formed a sales office in Singapore in 1992 to develop business in burgeoning Asian markets and then followed with plant construction in Malaysia in 1995. While manufacturing and sales were run independently here, some technical and administrative services were being provided from the United States until the Asian company s business grew large enough to support local technical service. 

In 1999, LNP acquired M1XC3M Industria e Comercio Ltda., Sao Carlos, Brazil, as its first manufacturing presence in Latin America. LNP/MIXCIM was run as an independent subsidiary, with sales and R D co-located at the manufacturing site. 

In 2000, LNP announced the construction of a greenfield plant in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. This plant was managed within the North American Trade Association (NAFTA) as part of LNP s North American manufacturing operations. 

Also in 2000, LNP announced formation of a marketing joint venture with Vetrotex America, the subsidiary of the French glass manufacturer, to sell long glass concentrates to injection molders in the NAFTA region. 

It can be seen that LNP initially expanded at existing sites or greenfield facilities, but as it grew in size and geographic range, added acquisition as a selective tool to solidify its supply base and broaden its market reach. 

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Decentralized manufacturing Dispersed manufacturing Distributed production... 

Complete DM is a strategy, in which companies produce the whole product close to the end customers otherwise stated this is a completely decentralized manufacturing strategy. It is appropriate when the products need to be substantially adapted for the local market and very high proximity to the customer is needed (Schonsleben 2007). 

The SMR is by far the most important and widely used process for the industrial manufacture of hydrogen, amounting to about 40% of the total world production [7]. The technology is well developed and commercially available at a wide capacity range, from <1 t/h H2 for small decentralized units to about 100 t/h H2 for large ammonia manufacturing plants [8]. 

Another EU plan would export 500,000 PV systems to villages outside Europe. These systems would be used for decentralized electrification in developing countries, while increasing the solar manufacturing industry in Europe. 

Among purely industrial fermentations, milk and its products, for historic and economic reasons, have received only limited attention. Decentralization of casein and cheese manufacture in the early days weakened the competitive position of the low-solids by-product, whey, relative to that of grains and molasses. With changing economic and market trends, by-products of milk which are suited for many industrial fermentations may become more competitive. In times of unusual demand, such as wars produce, these by-products are of considerable industrial interest. 

This mutual recognition procedure , initially called the CPMP procedure , has had several other names attached to it, for example the multistate procedure and the decentralized procedure . Manufacturers could choose the country that they would wish to be the initiating or reference country to forward their dossier into the multistate procedure. Some countries were more popular than others (see Table 33.4). 

R. Anupindi, Y. Bassok, and E. Zemel, A General Framework for the Study of Decentralized Distribution Systems, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 3(4), 349-368 (2001). 

I-H. Hong, J. C. Ammons, and M. J. Realff, Decentralized Decision-making and Protocol Design for Recycle Material Flows, submitted to Manufacturing Service Operations Management (2006b). 

Choice between centralized and decentralized procedures in the case of many NCEs (those for which the centralized procedure is not mandatory) involves many factors, and the decision is a strategic milestone involving medical practice, manufacturing plans, the nature of product, market forces, and the size, resources, and strengths of the sponsor in the EU (see Harman, 2004, for more details). 

DuPont in 1921 had adopted a decentralized structure in which general managers of manufacturing divisions held responsibility for the operation of their separate product lines. Under this structure, top management had limited power to impose its will. Its role was to set policies, and in 1938 DuPont s executive committee adopted a policy on trade wastes ... 

Misguided enforcement efforts have resulted in the creation of decentralized and small-scale production of alternatives, practically invisible to the authorities. Production costs go down, profits skyrocket, and the chances of detection and arrest are reduced- the illicit drug manufacturers and retailers couldn t be happier. 

Fuel Cells Manufacture. The development and manufacture of several types of fuel cells for production of electric and heat energy to meet decentralize and centralize power supply of different power are planned. The special attention is given to zirconia ceramic fuel cells to supply residencies by electricity and heat to replace internal combustion engines in different transport applications to work in hybrid pairs with wind and solar generators, and gas turbines for production of oxygen for medical needs etc. 

The managing of complexity in manufacturing by outsourcing is rather common in the prefabrication field, whereas the reduction of production depth and the resulting cost advantages contribute to keep assembly sites in the countries of origin. In turn, the formation of decentralized business units results in more favorable conditions for the relocation of specific assembly tasks to other regions. 

Consider the supply chain example discussed earlier, but for this decentralized supply chain decision-making environment. Using the numerical example from the earlier section, the manufacturers optimal service level is - = 0.643. Using the probabilities in Table 5.1, this... 

To begin with, DMS focus on introducing decentralized decision making within the factory (Dekkers 2010). Thus, independent manufacturing units (composed of machines or machine groups) are formed within the shop floor and certain control powers are distributed to each of these units. These units are then incorporated with an overall framework, which is responsible for making decisions on the global level. 

Common DMS Properties Distributed manufacturing systems are characterized by a set of common properties. Sousa et al. (2000) consider autonomy, decentralization, flexibility, adaptability, and agility as some of the most important ones for a DMS. Autonomy refers to the ability of an entity to create and control its processes independently, without having to rely on the rest of the system. Decentralization is present when a particular operation can be executed by numerous and different entities. Flexibility is the ability of the distributed system to change its plans and strategies simply and rapidly according to new challenges. Adaptability can be described as the capability of the... 

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