Decentralized decision making

Deposited by countless private citizens, moreover, lawn care toxins have also proven far more difficult to measure and far more resistant to traditional techniques of pollution control. The political momentum for water quality regulation lags far behind this changing land-use reality. The shift in the last few years to decentralized decision-making that allowed for the implementation of the Clean Water Act, for example, has not come to terms with this change. In this case, the Clean Water Act mandates the creation of total maximum daily load (TMDL) criteria, standards for cleaning up nonpoint sources such as farms, suburban developments, and other nonindustrial sites. These standards are drawn up by water quality management committees. 

Decentralized decision making, fully private wholesalers and pharmacies system... 

In the decentralized decision-making framework, each entity within the RPS concentrates on optimizing its own profit subject to its own transportation and processing capacity constraints. The upstream entities in one tier provide the price-flow contract that connects the downstream price information to the flow they will provide. We refer to this price-flow contract as the flow function. Each upstream entity acts individually to determine the flow function used to contract with each member of the next tier. The flow function is determined using a robust optimization formulation that captures the idea that the upstream entity does not have exact price information from the downstream entities, and wants to minimize the worst outcome it can have. 

I-H. Hong, J. C. Ammons, and M. J. Realff, Decentralized Decision-making and Protocol Design for Recycle Material Flows, submitted to Manufacturing Service Operations Management (2006b). 

Decentralized decision making is, of course, required in some time-critical situations. But like all safety-critical decision making, the decentralized decisions must be made in the context of system-level information and from a total systems perspective in order to be effective in reducing accidents. One way to make distributed decision making safe is to decouple the system components in the overall system design, if possible, so that decisions do not have systemwide repercussions. Another common way to deal with the problem is to specify and train standard emergency responses. Operators may be told to sound the evacuation alarm any time an indicator reaches a certain level. In this way, safe procedures are determined at the system level and operators are socialized and trained to provide uniform and appropriate responses to crisis situations. 

Autonomous control describes processes of decentralized decision making in heterarchical structures. It presumes interacting elements in non-deterministic systems, which possess the capability and possibility to render decisions independently. The objective of autonomous control is the achievement of increased robustness and positive emergence of the total system due to distributed and flexible coping with dynamics and complexity... 

To begin with, DMS focus on introducing decentralized decision making within the factory (Dekkers 2010). Thus, independent manufacturing units (composed of machines or machine groups) are formed within the shop floor and certain control powers are distributed to each of these units. These units are then incorporated with an overall framework, which is responsible for making decisions on the global level. 

DECENTRALIZED DECISION MAKING IN DYNAMIC TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS... 

Decentralized Decision Making in Dynamic Technological Systems... 

Zenios, S. 2003. Decentralized Decision Making in Dynamic Technological Systems. In Simchi-Levi, D, D. Wu, and M. Shen (Eds.), Handbook of Supply Chain Analysis in the eBusiness Era. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. 

Seifert, R.W., U.W. Thonemann, and S.A. Rockhold, Integrating Direct And Indirect Sales Channels Under Decentralized Decision Making, Working Paper, IMD - International Institute for Management Development, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2002. 

Seifert, et al. (2001) also show that decentralized decision making in the cooperative supply chain can be coordinated through use of an ending-inventory subsidy of b and a transfer payment t for each unit that the retailer ships (at cost) to the virtual store in response to actual demand, both paid by the manufacturer to the retailer. 

Seifert, R. W., U. W. Thonemann and S. A. Rockhold. 2001. Integrating direct and indirect sales channels under decentralized decision-making. Working Paper. IMD, Lausanne, Switzerland. 

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