Debts energy

Soddy worked to promulgate an economics that could increase wealth, in the form of available energy, rather than debt. 

I am deeply indebted to Professor G. W. Robinson, to innumerable members of my own research group, and to many colleagues from the field of photochemistry. Discussion with such people has instructed and inspired me in myriad ways. I am grateful to Professors Jortner, Rice, and Hochstrasser for a prepublication copy of their paper and I owe a special debt to Professor Richard Wolfgang, whose overview of energy-dependent chemical dynamics has broadened my understanding of hot kinetics. 

As the state-owned thermal power plants were not appropriately repaired they did not operate. The remaining private operative units operated only part time - mainly due to the lack of funds to purchase the fuel gas. The imports from Russia and Armenia were at a maximum during the winter 2002-2003. Hence, considerable energy debts were built up, that needed to be paid during the summer 2003. 

Due to the lack of power supplies, the expected income of the energy sector could not be achieved. And, the extended imports of electrical power are prone to build up debts that may reduce the funding of essential repairs necessary to safeguard a stable operation. Hence, without exceptional efforts during the summer 2003 the situation in the winter 2003-2004 was assumed to become worse than the preceding winter. 

The majority of independent energy projects which have been promoted in countries such as the UK, which have a non-parastatal electricity supply indushy, have been funded on the so-called project finance basis. Under such an arrangement which was developed originally in connection with North Sea oil projects in the 1960s) the majority (in the region of 80 %) of the finance required to implement the project comprises debt borrowed over a period of, typically, 12-15 years. Bond financing can extend this period to 25 years in certain cases. The debt is repaid from the net revenues of the project. The remainder of the finance required for the project comprises equity provided by the project sponsors. 

The substrate, glucose, is phosphorylated by the enzyme hexokinase in a coupled phosphorylation reaction. The source of the phosphoryl group is ATP. At first this reaction seems contrary to the overall purpose of catabolism, the production of ATP. The expenditure of ATP in these early reactions must be thought of as an "investment." The cell actually goes into energy "debt" in these early reactions, but this is absolutely necessary to get the pathway started. 

One of the pleasures of compiling this record lies in being able to make public acknowledgement of the debt that the authors and editors owe to the inspiration, guidance and active support of others. Dr. J. V. R. Kaufman contributed a never-failing enthusiasm, personal concern, and initiative in the planning and conduct of so much that is reported here. Not only the present writers, but the United States Department of the Army are especially indebted to the energy and perspicacity that he directed to explosives and military research over a period of many years. The late Professor F. P. Bowden served both as a mentor and consultant in this extension of the researches that he pioneered with such perception... 

Nuclear power is commercially more exposed to commodity price risk because it has high fixed costs. If nuclear liabilities are regarded (as they should be) as de facto debt, then British Energy (BE) also had high financial leverage. This made the company s profitability highly sensitive to the price of power. 

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