Death, probability

The precise mechanism of dimethylhydrazine toxicity is uncertain. In addition to the contact irritant effects, the acute effects of dimethylhydrazine exposure may involve the central nervous system as exemplified by tremors and convulsions (Shaffer and Wands 1973) and behavioral changes at sublethal doses (Streman et al. 1969). Back and Thomas (1963) noted that the deaths probably involve respiratory arrest and cardiovascular collapse. The central nervous system as a target is consistent with the delayed latency in response reported for dimethylhydrazine (Back and Thomas 1963). There is some evidence that 1,1-dimethylhydrazine may act as an inhibitor of glutamic acid decarboxylase, thereby adversely affecting the aminobutyric acid shunt, and could explain the latency of central-nervous-system effects (Back and Thomas 1963). Furthermore, vitamin B6 analogues that act as coenzymes in the aminobutyric acid shunt have been shown to be effective antagonists to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine toxicity (reviewed in Back and Thomas 1963). 

Advanced signs of acute poisoning death probable within 30 min. Maximum CN levels, in mg/kg FW, were 1.5 in blood and 0.6 in liver... 

Haloperidol is less likely to cause hypotension than chlorpromazine, which has a-adrenoceptor antagonist effects. Both can cause cardiac arrhythmias if used in high dosage or in patients with pre-existing heart disease, or as an idiosyncratic reaction. There have been numerous reports of sudden and unexplained deaths, probably due to cardiac arrhythmia, in patients given chlorpromazine and other neuroleptics. The risk of serious arrhythmia is higher in the obese, and possibly in those of African ancestry. 

The model can, of course, be varied, e.g., by including a death probability. It also applies to cosmic ray cascades and neutrons in a reactor, if one takes into account the possibility of creating more than two particles at each event (fig. 3). In these two cases, however, y does not depend on the age, which makes the problem Markovian and therefore amenable to the easier treatment presented in the next chapters. 

Hepatotoxicity of combined therapy for leprosy has been reported in 39 patients treated with dapsone, pro-tionamide, and rifampicin. There were similar findings in 50 patients treated with dapsone, clofazimine, rifampicin, and protionamide. Deaths probably related to the drngs occurred in both groups after 3-4 months of treatment... 

Analysis of cohorts in a multi-site study coordinated by the EMCDDA shows substantial differences in mortality and causes of death between locations. In cities with high HIV infection among drug users, the impact of AIDS from the mid-1980s has raised mortality rates. In Barcelona (Figure 14), mortality reached over 50 per 1 000 users per year from 1 992 to 1 996 before falling markedly, reflecting a drop in AIDS deaths (probably because of new antiretroviral treatments) and, to a lesser extent, in overdose deaths. 

Cardiovascular System Following systemic absorption, local anesthetics decrease electrical excitabdity, conduction rate, and force of contraction. Most local anesthetics also cause arteriolar dilation. Untoward cardiovascular effects usually are seen only after high systemic concentrations are attained and effects on the CNS are produced. However, on rare occasions, lower doses of some local anesthetics wUl cause cardiovascular collapse and death, probably due to either an action on the pacemaker or the sudden onset of ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation are relatively uncommon consequences of local anesthetics other than bupivacaine. The use of local anesthetics as antiarrhythmic drugs is discussed in Chapter 34. Untoward cardiovascular effects of local anesthetic agents may result from their inadvertent intravascular administration, especially if epinephrine also is present. 

Sudden deaths, probably from cardiac arrhythmias, were markedly Increased In patients taking potassium-depleting diuretics and high doses of ketanserin. No interaction occurred with low doses of ketanserin in those with normal potassium levels. Potassium-sparing diuretics do not interact in this way. 

Number Path Equivalent length m Death probability... 

Contrast content algorithm Optimal route Total equivalent length (m) Average death probability... 

Toxicology LDLo (oral, cat) 18 mg/kg, (subcut., rat) 44 mg/kg poison by ing. and subcut. routes probably extremely irritating by inh. severe exposure can cause potentially fatal pulmonary edema probably breaks down in body to release cyanide severe exposure can cause irregular heartbeat, convulsions, unconsciousness, and death probably irritating to skin and very irritating to eyes may cause... 

Toxicology LD50 (IP, rat) 403 mg/kg, (subcut., mouse) 830 mg/kg mod. toxic by ing., IP, subcut. routes CNS depressant inh. can probably cause si. nose/throat irritation, mild CNS depression high doses can cause unconsciousness, death probable skin and si. eye irritant may be si. absorbed thru skin liq. may cause temporary corneal damage related chemicals are suspected human carcinogens mutagen TSCA iisted... 

Then the bandwidth is determined on the basis of defined effect probability threshold limit, e.g. 1% of human death probability. It stands to reason, that by the risk evaluation for more recipients, we get a different... 

Figure 2. Example of human death probability by toxic exposure in dependence on source distance (instantaneous outflow 1000 kg NH3, atmosphere stability class E, wind speed 1,7 m/s)...

Human death probability can be determined using the probit function, but also according to thermal dose. According to the thermal dose it can be determined also the probability of different types of injuries (bum of 1. and 2. level). In a similar manner we can specify fire consequences for fauna. For stationary objects (buildings, constructions, woods, plants) the probably consequences are determined on the basis of heat flux, whose specific value evokes wood ignition. 

A proper definition of radioiron reflux from red cells to the plasma proved to be essential for an accurate estimate of effective and ineffective erythropoiesis in severe haemolytic conditions (Stefanelli et al., 1979). Red cell death probability function is required for such definition. LSC of Cr and Fe allows one to obtain simultaenously accurate experimental data for estimating red cell death probability function and red cell iron turnover in these patients. 

The effect of hypophysectomy on the adrenal cortex has provided an important argument in favor of the pluralist theory. Hypophysectomy does not cause death, probably because this intervention does not alter aldosterone secretion. Yet, the metabolism of protein, lipids, and carbohydrates is considerably modified in hypophysectomized animals. Such modification indicates that glucocorticoid secretion is affected by hypophysectomy. Histological examination of adrenals of hypophysectomized animals reveals that the median and internal parts of the cortex are atrophied, while the glomerulosa remains intact or may even be hypertrophied. In contrast, the injection of hypophyseal extract causes hypertrophy of the fasci-cularis. 

Chang et al. [109] investigated the same topic, using MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. The results were partially similar. Thymol provoked a Ca" rise by triggering the phospholipase C-dependent release from the stores in the ER and the Ca" entry through kinase C- dependent store-operated Ca" channels. Thymol was also able to induce cell death, probably related to apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways. 

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