Ddl

The set of possible data names can be restricted by a diction-aiy. which specifies which names can be used within a file to conform to the specified dictionary. Dictionaries can also be used to specify which data items will be processed by some software. In this case entries not defined by an appropriate dictionaiy will simply be ignored. Dictionaries arc defined in so-callcd dictionary definition language (DDL). Several commonly used dictionaries arc shown in Tabic 2-9. Two of them (GIF and mmCIF) arc discu.sscd below in greater detail. 

S.G. Bell, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DDl 4HN, UK... 

A squirrel cage motor is started through an auto-transformer starter with a tapping of 40%. Compare the starting heat with a DDL starting when the motor shaft is free. 

Other nucleosides such as 2, 3 -dideoxyinosine (ddl) also block the action of reverse transcriptase and are often combined with AZT in drug cocktails. Using a mixture of drugs makes it more difficult for a virus to develop resistance than using a single drug. 

Interleukins Intermediate Filaments Intermediate-density Lipoprotein (DDL) Intermittent Claudication Internalization... 

At present there are seven NRTIs, which have been formally approved for the treatment of AIDS 3 -azido-2, 3 -dideoxythymidine (AZT, zidovudine), 2, 3 -dideoxyinosine (ddl, didanosine), 2, 3 -dideoxycytidine (ddC, zalcitabine), 2, 3 -didehydro-2, 3 -dideoxythymidine (d4T, stavudine), (—)-L-3 -thia-2, 3 -dideoxycytidine (3TC, lamivudine), cyclopentenyl V -cyclopropylaminopurine (abacavir, ABC), and (—)-L-5-fluoro-3 -thia-2, 3 -dideoxycytidine ((—)FTC, emtricitabine) (De Clercq 2004a) (Fig. 3). 

Depending on the nature of the compound, the ddN analogues have been associated with varying toxic side effects such as bone marrow suppression (AZT), pancreatitis (ddl), hypersensitivity reactions (ABC), and neurologic complications consequently to mitochondrial toxicity (ddC), while others, such as 3TC and (-)FTC, have few, if any, side effects. 

Amaro RE, Minh DDL, Cheng LS, Lindstrom WM Jr, Olson AJ, Lin J-H, Li WW, McCammon JA (2007) Remarkable loop flexibihty in avian influenza N1 and its implications for antiviral drug design. J Am Chem Soc 129 7764-7765... 

There are currently six major antiretroviral drug families (Table 5). Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) are nucleoside analogs (discussed in more detail in chapter by De Clercq and Neyts, this volume) and were the first approved antiretroviral agents. They include drugs such as AZT, didanosine (ddl), stavudine (d4T), abacavir (ABC), and lamivudine (3TC), the latest used at doses of 300 mg daily as anti-HIV agent (lOOmg/day is the dosing approved for treatment of HBV... 

NRTls are structural analogues of the natural nucleotides that form the building blocks of RNA and DNA in human cells. Their use as part of HAART has dramatically modified the natural history of HIV infection. They, however, cause a range of drag- or tissue-specific toxicides zidovudine (AZT) causes myopathy zalcitabine (ddC), didanosine (ddl), and lamivudine (3TC) cause neuropathy stavudine (d4T) causes neuropathy or myopathy and lactic acidosis (Dalakas 2001). During phase 1 and 11 trials, the dose-limiting toxicity of didanosine, zalcitabine, and stavudine was identified as peripheral neuropathy (Dalakas 2001). 

Lipases CA, BC, and PF catalyzed the polymerization of ethylene dode-canoate and ethylene tridecanoate to give the corresponding polyesters. The enzyme origin affected the polymerization behaviors in using lipase BC catalyst, these bislactones polymerized faster than e-CL and DDL, whereas the reactivity of these cyclic diesters was in the middle of e-CL and DDL in using lipase CA. 

The enantioselectivity was greatly improved by the copolymerization with 7- or 13-membered non-substituted lactone using lipase CA catalyst (Scheme 8) the ee value reached ca. 70% in the copolymerization of (3-BL with DDL. ft is to be noted that in the case of lipase CA catalyst, the (5 )-isomer was preferentially reacted to give the (5 )-enriched optically active copolymer. The lipase CA-catalyzed copolymerization of 8-caprolactone (6-membered) with DDL enan-tioselectively proceeded, yielding the (/ )-enriched optically active polyester with ee of 76%. 

Terminal-functionalized polymers such as macromonomers and telechelics are very important as prepolymer for construction of functional materials. Single-step functionalization of polymer terminal was achieved via lipase catalysis. Alcohols could initiate the ring-opening polymerizahon of lactones by lipase catalyst. The lipase CA-catalyzed polymerizahon of DDL in the presence of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate gave the methacryl-type polyester macromonomer, in which 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate acted as initiator to introduce the methacryloyl group quanhtatively at the polymer terminal ( inihator method ).This methodology was expanded to the synthesis of oo-alkenyl- and alkynyl-type macromonomers by using 5-hexen-l-ol and 5-hexyn-l-ol as initiator, respechvely. 

---