Data collection see Chapter

The data collection phase should preferably be completed before the start of the Tender phase. This will allow the Contractor to make an accurate assessment of the working conditions and will also avoid annoying surprises for all Parties involved during the execution of the Works. 

An accurate in-survey of the borrow area and reclamation site is essential and should be carried out prior to the start of the Tender phase. 

The available geotechnical information that can be made available to the Contractor is included in the tender documents. The Contractor must make his own evaluation of the geotechnical conditions. He shall, at his own cost, carry out additional investigations in the dredging and borrow areas if required. The Contractor shall be fully responsible for the provision of reclamation material of specified quality and sufficient quantity. 

No obligation on behalf of the Employer is given with this site investigation and the Contractor is advised that he must satisfy himself as to the soil and sub-soil conditions, water table, location of aquifers and other site conditions. 

In case an additional soil investigation is required to verify the soil conditions prior to the Tender date, then sufficient time should be foreseen in the Tender schedule. The potential Contractors should be able to witness the soil investigation campaign and to advise on the completeness of the collected data. 

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This method of isomorphous replacement (Figure 8.27), together with anomalous dispersion data collection (see Chapter 14) is, to date, the principal method that has been successful for phase determination of macromolecules.Unfortunately, it is common to find that, although a heavy-atom solution has been soaked into a protein crystal, no regular (ordered) substitution has occurred, and solutions of other heavy-atom compounds must be tried. 

Next, the mass of treated data was sieved to form the desired number of tau-conversion-temperature (x, X, Te) triplets of data on preselected operating lines. Each triplet on an operating line is for the same clock time, t, (and therefore the same inlet temperature, T,). These data triplets are then used to extract rates and examine the quality of the data collected (see Chapters 7 and 8). 

All relevant data about the accidents and near accidents are stored in a coded format. This coding may take place during data collection, see Section 13.4. Nominal scales of measurement are applied in coding the descriptions of losses, the sequence of event and causal factors, etc. The ISA, ILCI and MAIM accident models presented in Chapters 5 and 13 have typically been developed for this purpose. Table 15.2 shows a coding schedule based on the ILCI model. 

Fig. 6.8 Specific conductivity as a function of the temperature for a selection of compounds. Top left cation conductors (Li+, Na+, Cu+). With respect to Ag+ conductors see Fig. 6.7. Top right proton conductors. Bottom anion conductors (0 , F ) [348j. Very high 0 conductivities are met in some perovskites, typically in doped ferrates [349]. These materials (cf. Sr4Fe4.8Coi,20i3+i(0 )) are, however, mixed conductors and hence excellent materials for permeation membrames (cf. also Chapter 7). Fbr more detailed data collections see Refs. [345,346].

In collecting the data care should be taken to avoid data paralysis (see Part 2 Chapter 14). The various quality tools can be used to prioritize the identified problems and corresponding decisions. As with all data collection tasks, you should show a direct correlation between what you are collecting and the goals to be achieved and all conclusions should lead to positive action, otherwise the effort has been futile. 

The nonconformity data should be collected and quantified using one of the seven quality tools (see Part 2 Chapter 14), preferably the Pareto analysis. You can then devise a plan to reduce the 20% of causes that account for 80% of the nonconformities. However, take care not to degrade other processes by your actions (see Theorg ofcon-staints in Part 2 Chapter 2). The plan should detail the action to be taken to eliminate the cause and the date by which a specified reduction is to be achieved. You should also monitor the reduction. The appropriate data collection measures therefore need to be in place to gather the data at a rate commensurate with the production schedule. Monthly analysis may be too infrequent analysis by shift may be more appropriate. 

To provide useful data, the latter requires change over time. The limitation of this type of analysis is that, as yet, there is no systematic collection of organic market data, which makes it difficult to generalise across countries. The situation in Europe is being addressed by the activities of EISfOM. See for example, Recke el al. (2004). The current chapter therefore draws on a number of different studies and data collections in order to illustrate the arguments put forward. 

In the U.S., race has been used as a proxy for a variety of physical, mental, and social dimensions. The legacy of racism still pervades society, including disparity in access to health care and in health care outcomes (see chapter by Nsiah-Jefferson, this volume). In attempting to eliminate these health disparities there have been efforts to include racial and ethnic minorities in research studies and to generate better data on racial and ethnic variations in health status. Although most policy makers and commentators believe that racial classifications in data collection and outcomes research are needed to eliminate health disparities, others believe that such policies prolong the use of a flawed concept and reify race as a pseudoscientific measure (Lee et al., 2001). 

Among the various synthetic procedures for polysilanes is the Harrod-type dehydrogenative coupling of RSiH3 in the presence of Group 4 metallocenes (Reaction 8.1) [5,6]. One of the characteristics of the product obtained by this procedure is the presence of Si—H moieties, hence the name poly(hydrosilane)s. Since the bond dissociation enthalpy of Si—H is relatively weak when silyl groups are attached at the silicon atom (see Chapter 2), poly(hydrosilane)s are expected to exhibit rich radical-based chemistry. In the following sections, we have collected and discussed the available data in this area. 

The Introduction section of a journal article Identlhes the research area, explains the Importance of the research, provides background Information, cites and summarizes key literature in the held, points out what still needs to be studied, and Introduces the reader to the work presented In the article. The Methods section—formally known as Materials and Methods or Experimental (Section)— describes how the study was conducted. The Results section summarizes quantitative (and possibly qualitative) data collected during the study. In the Discussion section, authors interpret their data and suggest the larger implications and/or applications of their results. Each of these major sections can be further divided into moves, as we will see in subsequent chapters. 

Toxicity testing is time-consuming and expensive. Two to 6 years may be required to collect and analyze data on toxicity and estimates of therapeutic index (a comparison of the amount that causes the desired therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxic effects, see Chapter 2) before the drug can be considered ready for testing in humans. 

Figure 2.11 Crystallographic data collection, showing reflections measured at one particular crystal orientation (solid, on film) and those that could be measured at other orientations (hollow, within the sphere but not on the film). The relationship between measured and unmeasured reflections is more complex than shown here (see Chapter 4).

As mentioned earlier, the unit-cell space group can be determined from systematic absences in the the diffraction pattern. With the space group in hand, the crystallographer can determine the space group of the reciprocal lattice, and thus know which orientations of the crystal will give identical data. All reciprocal lattices possess a symmetry element called a center cf symmetry or point of inversion at the origin. That is, the intensity of each reflection hkl is identical to the intensity of reflection -h k -1. To see why, recall from our discussion of lattice indices (Section II.B) that the the index of the (230) planes can also be expressed as (-2 -3 0). In fact, the 230 and the —2 -3 0 reflections come from opposite sides of the same set of planes, and the reflection intensities are identical. (The equivalence of Ihkl and l h k l is called Friedel s law,but there are exceptions. See Chapter 6, Section IV.) This means that half of the reflections in the reciprocal lattice are redundant, and data collection that covers 180° about any reciprocal-lattice axis will capture all unique reflections. 

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