Damage strain

In the future, control may be achieved by deliberately infecting plants with certain viruses. A plant infected with one strain of a virus usually is protected from infection by another strain of the same virus. Ongoing research involves purposely inoculating a plant with a virus strain that produces only mild disease symptoms to prevent infection by more damaging strains. 

In recent years, especially virulent and damaging strains oiEscherichia coli have caused outbreaks of illness among persons who consumed contaminated hamburger, and some cases of salmonella poisoning have been associated with the consumption of poultry products. Food irradiation may help to make such foods much safer. 

Where = Initial damage strain of the material r(e) = (0, 1) random number in the interval. 

Figure 10.2 Location of impact damage, strain gauges and displacement transducers on the CREDP F/A-18 horizontal stabilator...

FIGURE II. Creep rate curves for a damage strain eq = 0.8% and for various applied constant stresses for the SiC/Si-B-C conposite, and under450 MPa at I200°C in argon foraNicalon NL 202 fiber. 

Cabral-Fonseca S, Correia J R, Rodrigues M P and Branco F A (2012), Artificial accelerated ageing of GFRP pultruded profiles made of polyester and vinylester resins characterisation of physical-chemical and mechanical damage , Strain, 48(2), 162-173. 

After completion of exposure time, the specimens are checked visually for stress cracking or other changes, using a stereomicroscope if required. This visual check is used to determine the indicator property surface condition . The goal of this procedure is to detect the damage strain, i. e., the strain under which damage is first visible. The reference specimens stored in the reference medium are checked and evaluated in the same way in order to ensure that only the simultaneous effect of test medium and mechanical load is attacking the plastic [273]. 

Soft Tissue Injuries. Some of the more common soft tissue injuries are sprains, strains, contusions, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress injuries, caused by damaged tendons, muscles, and ligaments. A sprain is a soft tissue injury to the ligaments. Certain sprains are often associated with small fractures. This type of injury is normally associated with a localized trauma event. The severity of the sprain depends on how much of the ligament is torn and to what extent the ligament is detached from the bone. The areas of the human body that are most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees, and wrists. 

A void nucleation and growth fracture model embedded in a general viscoelastic-plastic material model is representative of approaches to ductile dynamic fracture (Davison et al., 1977 Kipp and Stevens, 1976). Other approaches include employing the plastic strain as a damage variable (Johnson and Cook, 1985) so that both spall and large strain-to-failure can be treated. 

Numerical simulation of a complex dynamic fracture application can be illustrated by calculations of impact induced damage in a ceramic cylinder. The computer model used was originally developed for oil shale explosive fragmentation (Grady and Kipp, 1980), with various extended applications considered by Boade et al. (1981) and Chen et al. (1983). In this model, stress and strain are related through... 

In many high-strength alloys this creep damage appears early in life and leads to failure after small creep strains (as little as 1%). In high-temperature design it is important to make sure ... 

Cleanliness of the fuel must be monitored if the fuel is naturally dirty or can pick up contaminants during transportation. The nature of the contaminants depends on the particular fuel. The definition of cleanliness here concerns particulates that can be strained out and is not concerned with soluble contaminants. These contaminants can cause damage or fouling in the fuel system and result in poor combustion. 

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