Damage, scanning electron microscopy

We first experimented with the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) in order to measure the ablation rate in 1987 (12). The only technique used before was the stylus profilometer which revealed enough accuracy for etch rate of the order of 0.1 pm, but was unable to probe the region of the ablation threshold where the etch rate is expressed in a few A/pulse. Polymer surfaces are easily damaged by the probe tip and the meaning of these measurements are often questionable. Scanning electron microscopy (21) and more recently interferometry (22) were also used. The principle of the QCM was demonstrated in 1957 by Sauerbrey (22) and the technique was developed in thin film chemistiy. analytical and physical chemistry (24). The equipment used in this work is described in previous publications (25). When connected to an appropriate oscillating circuit, the basic vibration frequency (FQ) of the crystal is 5 MHz. When a film covers one of the electrodes, a negative shift <5F, proportional to its mass, is induced ... 

Lupulescu AP, Birmingham DJ. 1976. Effect of protective agent against lipid-solvent-induced damages Ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopial study of human epidermis. Arch Environ Health 31(l) 33-36. 

Zeronian, S. H., Alger, K. W., Ellison, M. S., and Al-Khayatt, S. M. (1986). Studying the cause and type of fibre damage in textile materials by scanning electron microscopy, in Historic Textile and Paper Materials, Conservation and Characterisation, vol. 212 (H. L. Needles and S. H. Zeronian, Eds.). Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 77-94. 

Damage mode Visual 1-50 x fracture surface Metallography 50-1000 x (cross-section) Scanning electron microscopy, 20-10000 x (fracture surface)... 

There are a number of indicators of fatigue damage that have attracted interest in the literature. During the life of a component subjected to fatigue, the material can exhibit changes in modulus, permanent offset strain, shape of the hysteresis loops, and temperature rise of the specimen surface. Direct evidence of matrix crack density can be obtained by surface replication, while a more detailed analysis of microstructural damage requires scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 

Studying the Cause and Type of Fiber Damage in Textile Materials by Scanning Electron Microscopy... 

Gentamycin, for example, damages the hair cells in the cochlear, a measure of the toxicity which can be detected by scanning electron microscopy. There is a clear dose-response relationship between the number of cells destroyed and the increasing dose of gentamycin. The ototoxicity can also be detected in the intact animal by the Preyer reflex test which determines the threshold sound level for particular frequencies which an animal responds to by movement of the external ear. 

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